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87 results for “hatchlings”
Choice consequences: salinity preferences and hatchling survival in the mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus)
<p>In heterogeneous environments, mobile species should occupy habitats in which their fitness is maximized. Mangrove rivulus fish inhabit mangrove ecosystems where salinities range from 0 to 65 ppt, but are most often collected at ∼25 ppt. We examined the salinity preference of mangrove rivulus in a lateral salinity gradient, in the absence of predators and competitors. Fish could swim freely for 8 h throughout the gradient with chambers containing salinities ranging from 5 to 45 ppt (or 25 ppt throughout, control). We defined preference as the salinity in which the fish spent most of their time, and also measured preference strength, latency to begin exploring the arena, and number of transitions between chambers. To determine whether these traits were repeatable, each fish experienced three trials. Mangrove rivulus spent a greater proportion of time in salinities lower (5–15 ppt) than they occupy in the wild. Significant among-individual variation in the (multivariate) behavioral phenotype emerged when animals experienced the gradient, indicating strong potential for selection to drive behavioral evolution in areas with diverse salinity microhabitats.We also showed that mangrove rivulus had a significantly greater probability of laying eggs in low salinities compared with in control or high salinities. Eggs laid in lower salinities also had higher hatching success compared with those laid in higher salinities. Thus, although mangrove rivulus can tolerate a wide range of salinities, they prefer low salinities. These results raise questions about factors that prevent mangrove rivulus from occupying lower salinities in the wild, whether higher salinities impose energetic costs, and whether fitness changes as a function of salinity.</p>
Effects of semi-constant temperature on embryonic and hatchling phenotypes of six-tubercled Amazon River turtles, Podocnemis sextuberculata
<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> We evaluated how constant incubation temperatures affect life-history traits pre-hatching and post-hatching of the six-tubercled Amazon River turtle, <em>Podocnemis sextuberculata</em>.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We incubated eggs from natural nests at ten semi-constant temperatures between 22.26±1.01°C and 37.37±0.38°C (2013) and at six temperatures between 25.75±0.22°C and 36.17±0.15°C (2016). In 2013, we raised hatchling for 90 days to evaluate effects of temperature on early hatchling growth. We evaluated maternal effects in 2016.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> <em>P. sextuberculata</em> displays temperature-dependent sex determination and produces males at colder and females at warmer temperatures (TSD Ia). The estimated pivotal temperature was 33.73 ± 0.15°C and the transitional range of temperatures (TRT) 1.16 ± 0.59°C. Semi-constant temperatures below 26°C and above 38°C were lethal. Intermediate temperatures (32.25°C and 31.5°C, respectively) were optimal for hatching success and produced larger hatchlings that grew slower early in life compared to colder or warmer conditions, which produced smaller hatchlings. Warmer incubation temperatures within the optimal range (28°C-37°C) accelerated embryonic development. In contrast, comparisons of 30, 60 and 90 days-old suggests that warmer incubation temperatures reduced growth and mass gain rates post-hatching, such that incubation temperature effects on body size at emergence disappeared by 3 months of age.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Six-tubercled Amazon River turtles showed the highest pivotal temperature reported for any turtle. The relatively narrow TRT may limit the evolutionary potential of this vulnerable turtle in the face of global warming. Future incubation experiments at a finer scale (33°C-36°C) are warranted to refine the sex-ratio reaction norm. Field studies that monitor natural nests are imperative to evaluate conservation measures and the effect of female-biased illegal hunting and climate change. By providing data about the thermal biology of an understudied lineage of non-model species, our study helps fill gaps in our understanding of the evolution of vertebrate sex determination and its potential adaptive value.</p>
Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns harbor signatures of hatchling sex and past incubation temperature in a species with environmental sex determination
<p>Conservation of thermally sensitive species depends on monitoring organismal and population-level responses to environmental change in real time. Epigenetic processes are increasingly recognized as key integrators of environmental conditions into developmentally plastic responses, and attendant epigenomic datasets hold potential for revealing cryptic phenotypes relevant to conservation efforts. Here, we demonstrate the utility of genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns in the face of climate change for a group of especially vulnerable species, those with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Due to their reliance on thermal cues during development to determine sexual fate, contemporary shifts in temperature are predicted to skew offspring sex ratios and ultimately destabilize sensitive populations. Using reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing, we profiled the DNA methylome in blood cells of hatchling American alligator (<em>Alligator mississippiensis</em>), a TSD species lacking reliable markers of sexual dimorphism in early life-stages. We identified 120 sex-associated differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs; FDR < 0.1) in hatchlings incubated under a range of temperatures, as well as 707 unique temperature-associated DMCs. We further developed DNAm-based models capable of predicting hatchling sex with 100% accuracy (in 20 training samples and 4 test samples) and past incubation temperature with a mean absolute error of 1.2˚C (in 4 test samples) based on the methylation status of 20 and 24 loci, respectively. Though largely independent of epigenomic patterning occurring in the embryonic gonad during TSD, DNAm patterns in blood cells may serve as non-lethal markers of hatchling sex and past incubation conditions in conservation applications. These findings also raise intriguing questions regarding tissue-specific epigenomic patterning in the context of developmental plasticity. </p>
Figure 2 in Sex ratio estimations of Chelonia mydas hatchlings at Samandağ Beach, Turkey
Figure 2. Frequency of incubation durations in examined nests at Samandağ Beach.
Figure 1 in Sex ratio estimations of Chelonia mydas hatchlings at Samandağ Beach, Turkey
Figure 1. Map showing study area of Samandağ Beach.
Data from: Thermal-metabolic relationships in hatchling snapping turtles during simulated seasonal cooling
<p>There is limited information available regarding metabolic rates (MR) in many species or life stages of turtles. I measured MR (as O<sub>2</sub> consumption) in fasted hatchling snapping turtles (<em>Chelydra serpentina</em>) at 5 to 25 °C. The relationships between temperature and MR (per capita and per gram wet body mass) were exponential and linearized by Log<sub>10</sub> transformations. The relative change in MR over a 10 °C range (Q<sub>10</sub>) varied with the ranges of temperatures compared and ranged from Q<sub>10, 15 to 5</sub> = 3.6 to Q<sub>10, 25 to 15</sub> = 9.6 to 9.9, for per capita and per gram values, respectively. The high Q<sub>10</sub> values observed here demonstrate reductions in metabolic activity with declining temperatures that are two to three times the predicted value. Such a strong thermal dependence of MR suggests a rapid response to seasonal changes, facilitating energy conservation during cooling periods and growth during warming periods in this temperate reptile.</p>
Shell shape does not accurately predict self-righting ability in hatchling freshwater turtles
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Choice consequences: salinity preferences and hatchling survival in the mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus)
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Data from: Thermal-metabolic relationships in hatchling snapping turtles during simulated seasonal cooling
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Data from: swimming through sand: using accelerometers to observe the cryptic, pre-emergence life-stage of sea turtle hatchlings
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Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns harbor signatures of hatchling sex and past incubation temperature in a species with environmental sex determination
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Data from: Ants prey on cicada hatchlings
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Effects of semi-constant temperature on embryonic and hatchling phenotypes of six-tubercled Amazon River turtles, Podocnemis sextuberculata
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Data from: The anti-predator role of within-nest emergence synchrony in sea turtle hatchlings
Group formation is a common behaviour among prey species. In egg-laying animals, despite the various factors that promote intra-clutch variation leading to asynchronous hatching and emergence from nests, synchronous hatching and emergence occurs in many taxa. This synchrony may be adaptive by reducing predation risk, but few data are available in any natural system, even for iconic examples of the anti-predator function of group formation. Here, we show for the first time that increased group size (number of hatchlings emerging together from a nest) reduces green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchling predation. This effect was only observed earlier in the night when predation pressure was greatest, indicated by the greatest predator abundance and a small proportion of predators preoccupied with consuming captured prey. Further analysis revealed that the effect of time of day was due to the number of hatchlings already killed in an evening; this, along with the apparent lack of other anti-predatory mechanisms for grouping, suggests that synchronous emergence from a nest appears to swamp predators, resulting in an attack abatement effect. Using a system with relatively pristine conditions for turtle hatchlings and their predators provides a more realistic environmental context within which intra-nest synchronous emergence has evolved.
Data from: Hotter nests produce hatchling lizards with lower thermal tolerance
In many regions, the frequency and duration of summer heatwaves is predicted to increase in future. Hotter summers could result in higher temperatures inside lizard nests, potentially exposing embryos to thermally stressful conditions during development. Potentially, developmentally plastic shifts in thermal tolerance could allow lizards to adapt to climate warming. To determine how higher nest temperatures affect the thermal tolerance of hatchling geckos, we incubated eggs of the rock-dwelling velvet gecko, Amalosia lesueurii, at two fluctuating temperature regimes to mimic current nest temperatures (mean 23.2°C, range 10–33°C, 'cold') and future nest temperatures (mean 27.0°C, range 14–37°C, 'hot'). Hatchlings from the hot incubation group hatched 27 days earlier and had a lower critical thermal maximum (CTmax 38.7°C) and a higher critical thermal minimum (CTmin 6.2°C) than hatchlings from cold incubation group (40.2 and 5.7°C, respectively). In the field, hatchlings typically settle under rocks near communal nests. During the hatching period, rock temperatures ranged from 13 to 59°C, and regularly exceeded the CTmax of both hot- and cold-incubated hatchlings. Because rock temperatures were so high, the heat tolerance of lizards had little effect on their ability to exploit rocks as retreat sites. Instead, the timing of hatching dictated whether lizards could exploit rocks as retreat sites; that is, cold-incubated lizards that hatched later encountered less thermally stressful environments than earlier hatching hot-incubated lizards. In conclusion, we found no evidence that CTmax can shift upwards in response to higher incubation temperatures, suggesting that hotter summers may increase the vulnerability of lizards to climate warming.
Data from: Incubation under climate warming affects learning ability and survival in hatchling lizards
Despite compelling evidence for substantial individual differences in cognitive performance, it is unclear whether cognitive ability influences fitness of wild animals. In many animals, environmental stressors experienced in utero can produce substantial variation in the cognitive abilities of offspring. In reptiles, incubation temperatures experienced by embryos can influence hatchling brain function and learning ability. Under climate warming, the eggs of some lizard species may experience higher temperatures, which could affect the cognitive abilities of hatchlings. Whether such changes in cognitive abilities influence the survival of hatchlings is unknown. To determine whether incubation-induced changes in spatial learning ability affect hatchling survival, we incubated velvet gecko, Amalosia lesueurii, eggs using two fluctuating temperature regimes to mimic current (cold) versus future (hot) nest temperatures. We measured the spatial learning ability of hatchlings from each treatment, and released individually marked animals at two field sites in southeastern Australia. Hatchlings from hot-incubated eggs were slower learners than hatchlings from cold-incubated eggs. Survival analyses revealed that hatchlings with higher learning scores had higher survival than hatchlings with poor learning scores. Our results show that incubation temperature affects spatial learning ability in hatchling lizards, and that such changes can influence the survival of hatchlings in the wild.
Data from: Higher incubation temperatures produce long-lasting upward shifts in cold tolerance, but not heat tolerance, of hatchling geckos
Heatwaves are a regular occurrence in Australia, and are predicted to increase in intensity and duration in the future. These changes may elevate temperatures inside lizard nests, shortening the incubation period, so that hatchlings are more likely to emerge during heatwaves. Potentially, developmental plasticity or heat hardening could buffer hatchings from future warming. For example, higher incubation temperatures could shift critical thermal maxima upwards, enabling lizards to withstand higher temperatures. To investigate whether developmental plasticity affects hatchling thermal tolerance, we incubated eggs of the velvet gecko Amalosia lesueurii under two fluctuating incubation treatments to mimic current warm (mean = 24.3°C, range 18.4 - 31.1°C) and future hot (mean = 28.9°C, range 19.1 - 38.1°C) nest temperatures. We maintained the hatchlings under identical conditions, and measured their thermal tolerance (CTmax) at age 14 d and 42 d. We then released hatchlings at field sites, and recaptured individually marked lizards at age six months, to determine whether incubation induced shifts in thermal tolerance were transitory or long-lasting. We found that at age 14 d, hatchlings from the future hot temperature incubation treatment had higher CTmax (mean = 39.96 ± 0.25°C) than hatchlings from the current warm incubation treatment (mean = 39.70 ± 0.36°C). Hatchlings from the warm-incubation treatment also had significantly higher heat hardening capacity (mean = 0.79 ± 0.37°C) than hatchlings from hot-temperature incubation treatment (mean = 0.47 ± 0.17°C). However, both of these incubation-induced effects did not persist into later life. By contrast, incubation treatment had significant and long-lasting effects on the cold tolerance of hatchlings. At age 14 d, warm-incubated hatchlings tolerated colder temperatures (CTmin = 11.24 ± 0.41°C) than hot-incubated hatchlings (CTmin = 14.11 ± 0.25°C). This significant difference in cold tolerance persisted into the juvenile life stage, and was present in 6 month old lizards that we recaptured from field sites. This finding indicates that upward shifts in cold tolerance caused by higher nest temperatures might impact negatively on overwinter survival of lizards, but field studies linking fitness to thermal tolerance are necessary to test this idea. Overall, our results suggest that developmental plasticity for heat tolerance is unlikely to buffer lizard populations from increasing temperatures.
Data from: Squamate hatchling size and the evolutionary causes of negative offspring size allometry
Although fecundity selection is ubiquitous, in an overwhelming majority of animal lineages, small species produce smaller number of offspring per clutch. In this context, egg, hatchling and neonate sizes are absolutely larger, but smaller relative to adult body size in larger species. The evolutionary causes of this widespread phenomenon are not fully explored. The negative offspring size allometry can result from processes limiting maximal egg/offspring size forcing larger species to produce relatively smaller offspring ('upper limit'), or from a limit on minimal egg/offspring size forcing smaller species to produce relatively larger offspring ('lower limit'). Several reptile lineages have invariant clutch sizes, where females always lay either one or two eggs per clutch. These lineages offer an interesting perspective on the general evolutionary forces driving negative offspring size allometry, because an important selective factor, fecundity selection in a single clutch, is eliminated here. Under the upper limit hypotheses, large offspring should be selected against in lineages with invariant clutch sizes as well, and these lineages should therefore exhibit the same, or shallower, offspring size allometry as lineages with variable clutch size. On the other hand, the lower limit hypotheses would allow lineages with invariant clutch sizes to have steeper offspring size allometries. Using an extensive data set on the hatchling and female sizes of > 1800 species of squamates, we document that negative offspring size allometry is widespread in lizards and snakes with variable clutch sizes and that some lineages with invariant clutch sizes have unusually steep offspring size allometries. These findings suggest that the negative offspring size allometry is driven by a constraint on minimal offspring size, which scales with a negative allometry.
Figure 2. A in Ants prey on cicada hatchlings
Figure 2. A nymph of Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata and its predatory ants (worker caste). (A) First-instar nymph; (B) Lasius japonicus Santschi, 1941 (Formicinae); (C) Crematogaster matsumurai Forel, 1901 (Myrmicinae); (D) Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, 1925 (Myrmicinae); (E) Brachyponera chinensis (Emery, 1895) (Ponerinae). Ant species identified by H. Kubota. The length of all scale bars is 1 mm.
Figure 1 in Ants prey on cicada hatchlings
Figure 1. Emerging nymphs, those hunted by ants, and oviposition of the Japanese common brown cicada, Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata. (A) The three trees observed (Sawara cypress, Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold et Zucc.) Endl.) in the park (from [east] right to left [west]: Tree 1, Tree 2, Tree 3; 8 November 2023). (B) Nymphs hatching on a tree trunk. (C) Several nymphs and empty eggshells from which they hatched (opaque white: nymphs; transparent white: eggshell). (D) A nymph on the trunk. (E) A nymph on the ground. (F) An ant carrying a nymph on the trunk. (G) An ant carrying a nymph on the ground. (H) Daytime oviposition. (I) night-time oviposition. (J) oviposition holes. ((A, B): 30 June 2023; (C,D): 1 July 2023; (E,G): 12 June 2022; (F): 28 August 2022). (H,I): ovipositing cicada: 7 August 2023; (J): 8 August 2023; (H,I,J): trunk of tree 1) (all photos by H.M).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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