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102 results for “hawkmoths”
Figure 15 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 15. Female genitalia, lateral (right) view, of Panogena lingens, BMNH sphingid preparation #1031, illustrating the ovoid appendix antrum at the base of the ductus bursae dorsally and the full twist of the ductus seminalis. Note also the helical pattern on the twisted antrum formed by the membranous dorsal and sclerotized ventral surfaces.
Figure 10. Valve outlines. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 10. Valve outlines. A, Manduca rustica, BMNH sphingid preparation #1075. B, Neococytius cluentius, BMNH sphingid preparation #1082.
Figure 11. Right harpes, inner views. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 11. Right harpes, inner views. A, Agrius godarti, BMNH sphingid preparation #1038. B, Coelonia fulvinotata, BMNH sphingid preparation #996. C, Coelonia brevis, BMNH sphingid preparation #1057. D, Coelonia solani, BMNH sphingid preparation #1042. E, Acherontia atropos, BMNH sphingid preparation #994. F, Megacorma obliqua, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. G, Meganoton rubescens, BMNH sphingid preparation #989. H, Manduca hannibal, BMNH sphingid preparation #1077. I, Cocytius antaeus, BMNH sphingid preparation #1035; dense tuft of brown setae on dorsal surface not shown. J, Manduca rustica, BMNH sphingid preparation #1075.
Figure 9 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 9. Stylized drawings of plectral scales. A, Meganoton analis. B, Psilogramma menephron. C, Poliana micra.
Figure 8. Juxtas. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 8. Juxtas. A, Manduca albiplaga, lateral (left) view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1014; showing posterior lip (lateral rim stippled). B, Cocytius antaeus, lateral (left) view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1035; showing anterior keel (lateral rim stippled). C, Manduca sexta, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #981. D, Xanthopan morganii, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1012. E, Cocytius beelzebuth, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. F, Amphimoea walkeri, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1004.
Figure 5. Unci. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 5. Unci. A, Cocytius antaeus, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1035. B, Macropoliana ferax, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1053. C, Agrius convolvuli, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1000. D, Xanthopan morganii, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1012. E, Cocytius beelzebuth, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. F, Meganoton rubescens, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #989.
Figure 1. Descaled labial palps, outer views. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 1. Descaled labial palps, outer views. A, Cocytius beelzebuth, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. B, Meganoton rubescens, BMNH sphingid preparation #989.
Figure 7 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 7. Tegumina, vincula and sacci, lateral (left) view. A, Manduca hannibal, BMNH sphingid preparation #1077. B, Macropoliana ferax, BMNH sphingid preparation #1053; posterior extension of vinculum arm along posterior margin of tegumen stippled. C, Acherontia lachesis, BMNH sphingid preparation #1010.
Figure 4 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 4. Stylized drawings of stridulatory curtain scales. A, Psilogramma menephron, dorsal/lateral view. B, Xanthopan morganii, dorsal/lateral view. C, Megacorma obliqua, long scales, dorsal and lateral views. D, Megacorma obliqua, short scales, dorsal and lateral views.
Figure 3 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 3. Stylized drawings of sphingid pretarsi (after Rothschild & Jordan, 1903: plate LXIV, Figs 9-12, 14,15). A, Pretarsus with fully developed arolium and paronychium with only apical lobe present. B, Pretarsus with fully developed arolium and paronychium with both apical and ventral lobes present. C, Pretarsus with vestigial arolium and paronychium with both apical and ventral lobes absent.
Figure 2. Descaled legs. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 2. Descaled legs. A, Pantophaea favillacea, right foreleg, outer view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1046. B, Cocytius duponchel, left foreleg, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1019. C, Megacorma obliqua, left midleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. D, Megacorma obliqua, left hindleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. E, Macropoliana ferax, right midleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1048. F, Macropoliana ferax, right hindleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1048.
Figure 6. Gnathi. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 6. Gnathi. A, Agrius convolvuli, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1000. B, Megacorma obliqua, oblique ventroposterior view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. C, Macropoliana natalensis, oblique ventroposterior view, BMNH sphingid preparation #992. D, Cocytius lucifer, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1037. E, Cocytius mortuorum, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1034. F, Cocytius beelzebuth, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. G, Meganoton analis, ventral and lateral (left) views, BMNH sphingid preparation #1055. H, Manduca albiplaga, oblique dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1014. I, Meganoton rubescens, ventral and lateral (left) views, BMNH sphingid preparation #989.
The role of blood viscosity in hovering flight of hawkmoths
<p>Viscosity determines the resistance of hemolymph flow through vessels. For flying insects, viscosity is a major physiological parameter limiting flight performance by controlling the flow rate of fuel to the flight muscles, circulating nutrients, and rapidly removing metabolic waste products. The more viscous the hemolymph, the greater the metabolic energy needed to pump it through body cavities and hemolymph vessels. By employing Magnetic Rotational Spectroscopy with nickel nanorods, we showed that viscosity of hemolymph in resting hawkmoths (Sphingidae) depends on wing size non-monotonically. Viscosity increases for small hawkmoths with high wingbeat frequencies, reaches a maximum for middle-sized hawkmoths with moderate wingbeat frequencies, and decreases in large hawkmoths with slower wingbeat frequencies but greater lift. Accordingly, hawkmoths with small and large wings have viscosities approaching that of water, whereas hawkmoths with mid-sized wings have more than twofold greater viscosity. The metabolic demands of flight correlate with significant changes in circulatory strategies via modulation of hemolymph viscosity. Thus, the evolution of hovering flight would require fine-tuned viscosity adjustments to balance the need for the hemolymph to carry more fuel to the flight muscles while decreasing the viscous dissipation associated with its circulation.</p>
The role of blood viscosity in hovering flight of hawkmoths
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Dataset for: Short flowers for long tongues: functional specialization in a nocturnal pollination network of an asclepiad in long-tongued hawkmoths (Biotropica)
<p><span>Since Darwin, very long and narrow floral tubes have been known to represent the main floral morphological feature for specialized long-tongued hawkmoth pollination. However, specialization may be driven by other contrivances instead of floral tube morphology. Asclepiads are plants with a complex floral morphology where primary hawkmoth pollination had never been described. We detailed here the intricate pollination mechanism of the South American asclepiad <em>Schubertia grandiflora</em>, where functional specialization on long-tongued hawkmoth pollinators occurs despite the short floral tube of this species. We studied two plant populations in the Brazilian Cerrado and recorded floral visitors using different approaches, such as light-trapped hawkmoths for pollen analysis, direct field observations, and IR motion-activated cameras. Finally, using a community-level approach we applied an ecological network analysis to identify the realized pollinator niche of <em>S. grandiflora</em> among the available niches in the pollinator community. Throughout a period of 17 years, long-tongued hawkmoths were consistently recorded as the main floral visitors and the only effective pollinators of <em>S. grandiflora</em>. Flowers rely on highly modified corona and gynostegium, and enlarged nectar chambers, to drive visitors and pollination mechanism. Despite relatively short-tube, network analysis placed <em>S. grandiflora</em> in the module including exclusively long-tongued hawkmoth pollinators and the most phenotypically specialized sphingophilous plants in the community. These results represent the first example of functional specialization in long-tongued hawkmoths in an asclepiad species. However, this specialization is uncoupled from the long floral tubes historically associated with the sphingophily syndrome.</span></p>
Learning to feed in the dark: how light levels influences feeding in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta
<p>Nocturnal insects like moths are essential for pollination, providing resilience to the diurnal pollination networks. Moths use both vision and mechanosensation to locate the nectary opening in the flowers with their proboscis. However, increased light levels due to artificial light at night (ALAN) pose a serious threat to nocturnal insects. Here we examined how light levels influence the efficacy by which the crepuscular hawkmoth Manduca sexta locates the nectary. We used 3D printed artificial flowers fitted with motion sensors in the nectary and machine vision to track the motion of hovering moths under two light levels: 0.1 lux (moonlight) and 50 lux (dawn/dusk). We found that moths in higher light conditions took significantly longer to find the nectary, even with repeated visits to the same flower. In addition to taking longer, moths in higher light conditions hovered further from the flower during feeding. Increased light levels adversely affect learning and motor control in these animals.</p>
Allometric scaling of a superposition eye optimises sensitivity and acuity in large and small hawkmoths
<p>Animals vary widely in body size within and across species. This has consequences for the function of organs and body parts in both large and small individuals. How these scale, in relation to body size, reveals evolutionary investment strategies, often resulting in trade-offs between functions. Eyes exemplify these trade-offs, as they are limited by their absolute size in two key performance features: sensitivity and spatial acuity. Due to their size polymorphism, insect compound eyes are ideal models for studying the allometric scaling of eye performance. Previous work on apposition compound eyes revealed that allometric scaling led to poorer spatial resolution and visual sensitivity in small individuals, across a range of insect species. Here, we used X-ray microtomography to investigate allometric scaling in superposition compound eyes – the second most common eye type in insects – for the first time. Our results reveal a novel strategy to cope with the trade-off between sensitivity and spatial acuity, as we show that the eyes of the hummingbird hawkmoth retain an optimal balance between these performance measures across all body sizes.</p>
Fig. 1 in Paper-mulberry hawkmoth Parum colligata (Walker, 1856) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), a new species for the fauna of Russia
Fig. 1. Parum colligata (Walker, 1856), male from Russia. 1 – habitus, 2 – genitalia.
Figure 2 in New finding of Convolvulus hawkmoth - Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) in the south of Western Siberia
Figure 2. Distributional map of Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) in Western Siberia.
Figure 21 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)
Figure 21. Cremasters, lateral (left) views. A. Psilogramma menephron. B. Cocytius antaeus.
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