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FIGURE 2 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 2. Retracted hemipenes of A, Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (CAS 178969) and B, P. browni (CAS 160227); apical (distal) ends of organs that were slit midventrally and spread flat. R, retractor penis magnus. ss, sulcus spermaticus (lettering placed over the sulcus proximal to the divergent lips). Arrows indicate lips of the sulcus after the point of divergence.

FIGURE 12 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 12. Phyllorhynchus browni specimens exhibiting distinct hemipenial morphologies (each hemipenis adjacent to its specimen). A, CAS 160226 (hemipenial "morph II"). B, AMNH 70704 (hemipenial "morph I"). The hemipenes were photographed in the same frame and thus are directly comparable in scale. See text and Fig. 3 for detailed hemipenial descriptions.

FIGURE 5 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 5. Details of apical morphology of natricid hemipenes. A, Amphiesma bitaeniatum (CAS 215037). B, Amphiesma stolatum (CAS 215361). C, Natrix maura (CAS 138733). D, Natrix tessellata (CAS 183115). Arrow in B indicates the asulcate ridge delimiting the apical nude area (see text).

FIGURE 1 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 1. Everted hemipenis of Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (CAS 223608) in sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views. A, detail of the divergent lips of the sulcus spermaticus, one lip passing to each lobe (CAS 223608); B, outer (lateral) surface of the right lobe showing the low ridges passing over the apical tip (CAS 178969).

FIGURE 4 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 4. Everted hemipenes of natricids in sulcate view. A, Afronatrix anoscopus (CAS 230205). B, Amphiesma bitaeniatum (CAS 215037) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 5A). C, Natrix tessellata (CAS 183115) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 5D).

FIGURE 11 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 11. Everted hemipenes of Salvadora in sulcate views. A, S. hexalepis (CAS 190805). B, S. grahamiae (CAS 190878). C, apical tip of S. hexalepis. D, apical tip of S. grahamiae. Arrows in C and D indicate the tip of the sulcus spermaticus.

FIGURE 3 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 3. Everted hemipenes of Phyllorhynchus browni. A, "Morph I" (AMNH R-70704) in sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views. The base of AMNH R-70704 is artificially narrowed because it was tied off during preservation; the sulcus lip on the right lobe is damaged near the base of the crotch. B, "Morph II" (CAS 160226) in sulcate and asulcate views.

FIGURE 10 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 10. Details of natricid apical morphology. A, Rhabdophis tigrinus (CAS 166939) showing well developed calyces on the lobes. Although not clear in this photo, each calyx has a single spine protruding from its center. B, Xenochrophis cerasogaster (CAS 245195), right lobe showing pocket at the distal end of the nude area (shadowed paraboloid area). The nude area is on the sulcate face of the lobe (right lobe twisted laterally); compare Figs. 8C and 9A.

FIGURE 9 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 9. Everted hemipenes of Xenochrophis in sulcate view. A, X. cerasogaster (CAS 245195) (detail of apex shown in Figs. 8C, 10B). B, X. flavipunctatus (CAS 210529). C, X. piscator (CAS 208428) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 8D). The right lobe in A is twisted to the right; the typical position is shown by the left lobe, in which the sulcus forms a broad nude area on the sulcate face of the lobe. A similar sulcus and lobe morphology is exhibited in C; again, the lobes are somewhat twisted. In B the sulcus spermaticus passes to the crotch between the lobes, where it divides and each branch passes centripetally up the medial face of its respective lobe.

FIGURE 7 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 7. Everted hemipenes of Rhabdophis in sulcate view. A, R. nuchalis (CAS 242054) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 8A). B, R. subminiatus (CAS 206565) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 8B). C, R. tigrinus (CAS 166939). The sulcus spermaticus in A and C passes to the crotch, where it divides and each branch passes centripetally up the medial face of its respective lobe. In B the sulcus spermaticus passes to the edge of the crotch, divides, and each branch then passes toward the tip of its respective lobe in a position mainly on the sulcate face of the lobe.

FIGURE 6 in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 6. Results of a discriminant analysis on morphometric measurements of male individuals of Anotosaura collaris (blue circles), A. vanzolinia (green circles), Colobosauroides cearensis (orange diamonds) and Dryadosaura nordestina (red squares). Group centroids are represented by a black dot. In parenthesis is the amount of original variation explained by each axis.

FIGURE 3 in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 3. Individuals of (A) Anotosaura collaris adult, and (B) juvenile, and its congener Anotosaura vanzolinia (C), in life.

FIGURE 4 in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 4. Sulcate, lateral and asulcate faces of the left hemipenis of (A) Anotosaura collaris (MZUSP 103845) and (B) A. vanzolinia (MZUSP 95328). Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURE 1 in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 1. Lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of the head, and (D) of the entire body, in ventral (above) and dorsal (below) views of the holotype of Anotosaura collaris (MZUSP 788). Scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships recovered through a in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships recovered through a Bayesian (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis of Anotosaura collaris based on mitochondrial (12S, 16S and ND4) and nuclear genes (C-mos and 18S). The value for posterior probabilities (BA), and bootstrap (ML) are show on branches, respectively.

FIGURE 10 in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 10. Comparison of environmental temperatures at microhabitats used by Anotosaura collaris with its critical thermal limits. CTmax (red) and CTmin (blue) are species means. Dots around the boxplots represent outliers. Whiskers end at the 5th (below) and and the 95th (above) percentiles. Horizontal lines within the box plot represent the 25th, 50th and 75 quartiles. Temperatures measured in December 2012.

FIGURE 2 in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 2. Lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of the head, ventral views of right hand (D) and foot (E), and the cloacal region (F) of Anotosaura collaris (MZUSP 103832). Scale bars = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 7 in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 7. Karyotype of Anotosaura collaris after conventional staining, showing 2n=44 (20M + 22m).