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Fig. 14. Tubuca dussumieri, zoea I. A in Fig. 3 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 14. Tubuca dussumieri, zoea I. A, carapace; B, antennule; C, antenna; D, maxillule; E, maxilla; F, first maxilliped; G, second maxilliped; H, pleon and telson.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 1. Photographs of some taxa of fiddler crabs published as new or resurrected recently. A, Austruca citrus Shih & Poupin, 2020 (Fiji); B, Austruca occidentalis Naderloo, Schubart & Shih (Inhaca, Mozambique); C, Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (Vellar River estuary, Tamil Nadu, India); D, Gelasimus jocelynae (Shih, Naruse & Ng, 2010) (Dongsha Island, Taiwan); E, Petruca panamensis (Stimpson, 1859) (Panama); F, Paraleptuca boninensis (Shih, Komai & Liu, 2013) (Ogasawara Islands, Japan); G, Paraleptuca splendida (Stimpson, 1858) (Penghu, Taiwan); H, Tubuca alcocki Shih, Chan & Ng, 2018 (Ranong, Thailand). Photographs courtesy of T. Iwano (A), P. Backwell (B, E), M. Prema (C) and M.-H. Chuang (F).

Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 3. Rapisma taiwanense sp. nov. (A) female genitalia, lateral view; (B) female genitalia, caudal view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) female gonapophyses 8, ventral view. e, ectoproct; gx, gonocoxite; gp, gonapophysis; gst, gonostylus; T, tergum. Scale bars: A–C = 1.0 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 2. Rapisma taiwanense sp. nov. (A) male genitalia, dorsal view; (B) male genitalia, ventral view; (C) male gonocoxites and gonostyli 11, dorsal view; (D) male gonocoxites and gonostyli 11, ventral view. c, callus cercus; e, ectoproct; gx, gonocoxite; gst, gonostylus; T, tergum; S, sternum. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; C–D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 4. Live specimen and habitat of Rapisma taiwanense sp. nov. (A) paratype female adult, dorsal view. Photo by Yu-Chun Lin; (B) habitat of R. taiwanense in Beidelaman Trail, Hsinchu.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 1. Rapisma taiwanense sp. nov. (A) holotype male, habitus photo; (B) paratype female, habitus photo; (C) head, frontal view, holotype male; (D) head, frontal view, paratype female. Scale bars: A–B = 5.0 mm; C–D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 4. Spatial analysis of vicariance. A-B: Hypothetical barrier at vicariant node 44 (A) and 64 (B); red and blue dots show disjunct sister clades.

Fig. 3 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 3. Spatial analysis of vicariance. A: Tree of the Leptodactylus fuscus group showing a consensus reconstruction of historical biogeography by vicariance inference. Green squares show disjunction; red empty squares show the nodes ignored by the program. B–D: Hypothetical barrier at vicariant node 71 (B), 68 (C) and 55 (D); red and blue dots show disjunct sister clades.

Fig. 1 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 1. Leptodactylus fuscus group species distribution area. Biogeographical subregions and provinces proposed by Morrone (2006) are shown in different colors. A: Caribbean subregion; B: Chacoan subregion; C: Parana subregion; D: Amazonian subregion; E: North American Pacific subregion; F: Mexican transition zone region; G: South American transition zone region.

Fig. 2 in Historical Biogeography of the Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae): Identification of Ancestral Areas and Events that Modeled their Distribution.

Fig. 2. Ancestral areas of Leptodactylus fuscus group. Nodes show the most probable state. The letters and coarse colored circles indicate the ancestral areas of each node. Green, blue and yellow thin circles show vicariance, dispersions and extinctions events, respectively. A: Caribbean subregion; B: Chacoan subregion; C: Parana subregion; D: Amazonian subregion; E: North American Pacific subregion.

Fig. 3 in Reconstructed historical distribution and phylogeography unravels non-steppic origin of Caucasotachea vindobonensis (Gastropoda: Helicidae)

Fig. 3 Reconstruction of the geographic range evolution. For the geographic position of the samples and the subdivision of the range, see Fig. 1. The ultrametric ML tree shows phylogenetic relationships of the Caucasotachea vindobonensis haplotypes based on COI sequences. High branch supports for the main clades are indicated by black/gray dots (gray aLRT >0.80; black aLRT>0.95). The colored symbols at the tips indicate the current geographic origin of the haplotypes (see also Supplementary Table 1). Values at the branches indicate all alternative scenarios with likelihoods above 10% for the origin of the clades' common ancestors (BK Balkans, CP Carpatho-Pannon, PC northwestern, NW Ponto-Caspian). The ancestors were allowed to occupy a maximum of three geographic areas. Migration was permitted between all regions, but lower probability (B0.25^ instead of B1.0^) was assigned in the dispersal constraints for migration between areas not being immediately adjacent (between north-western and the Balkans)

Fig. 2 in Reconstructed historical distribution and phylogeography unravels non-steppic origin of Caucasotachea vindobonensis (Gastropoda: Helicidae)

Fig. 2 Median-joining networks of Caucasotachea vindobonensis COI haplotypes with assignment to the defined regions of species distribution

Fig. 1 in Reconstructed historical distribution and phylogeography unravels non-steppic origin of Caucasotachea vindobonensis (Gastropoda: Helicidae)

Fig. 1 Range of the Caucasotachea vindobonensis with localization of sampling sites and defined regions of species distribution used for genetic analyses

Fig. 4 in Reconstructed historical distribution and phylogeography unravels non-steppic origin of Caucasotachea vindobonensis (Gastropoda: Helicidae)

Fig. 4 Potential distribution of Caucasotachea vindobonensis during the LGM based on different climate models (CCSM4, MIROC-ESM). Warmer/darker colors indicate more suitable climatic conditions

species according to Broadley (1994). These may well be the result of continuing confusion over the placement of Keta. Given the localities known from Lunda Norte, it seems likely that the species occurs in other northern regions of Angola. MAP 363. Distribution of Scaphiophis albopunctatus in Angola. in Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840-2017)

species according to Broadley (1994). These may well be the result of continuing confusion over the placement of Keta. Given the localities known from Lunda Norte, it seems likely that the species occurs in other northern regions of Angola. MAP 363. Distribution of Scaphiophis albopunctatus in Angola.

Telescopus finkeldeyi Haacke, 2013 DAMARA TIGER SNAKE Telescopus finkeldeyi Haacke 2013:281. Holotype: TM 53542 (collector J.A. van Rooyen). Type locality: "Rössing Uranium mine area, Swako- mund [sic] district (2214Db) Namibia." Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated. Global distribution: The species is known from Angola and Namibia. Ocurrences in Angola (Map 364): The species occurs in southwestern Angola. Namibe: "5 km north Namibé" [-15.20000, 12.15000] (Haacke 2013:285). Taxonomic and distributional notes: Some earlier records of T. semiannulatus polystictus in Namibia actually refer to this recently described species. MAP 364. Distribution of Telescopus finkeldeyi in Angola. in Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840-2017)

Telescopus finkeldeyi Haacke, 2013 DAMARA TIGER SNAKE Telescopus finkeldeyi Haacke 2013:281. Holotype: TM 53542 (collector J.A. van Rooyen). Type locality: "Rössing Uranium mine area, Swako- mund [sic] district (2214Db) Namibia." Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated. Global distribution: The species is known from Angola and Namibia. Ocurrences in Angola (Map 364): The species occurs in southwestern Angola. Namibe: "5 km north Namibé" [-15.20000, 12.15000] (Haacke 2013:285). Taxonomic and distributional notes: Some earlier records of T. semiannulatus polystictus in Namibia actually refer to this recently described species. MAP 364. Distribution of Telescopus finkeldeyi in Angola.

with Hemidactylus brookii angulatus Hallowell, 1852. The species was recently recorded from Quiçama National Park in Luanda Province (M. Marques, L. Ceríaco, A. Bauer and D. Blackburn pers. obs. 2015, 2016). MAP 130. Distribution of Hemidactylus bayonii in Angola. in Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840-2017)

with Hemidactylus brookii angulatus Hallowell, 1852. The species was recently recorded from Quiçama National Park in Luanda Province (M. Marques, L. Ceríaco, A. Bauer and D. Blackburn pers. obs. 2015, 2016). MAP 130. Distribution of Hemidactylus bayonii in Angola.

ly a misidentification as today the recognized distribution of this species is restricted to western Africa. It is possible that the Cabinda frog may be referable to Phrynobatrachus auritus Boulenger, 1900. MAP 96. Distribution of Phrynobatrachus plicatus in Angola. in Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840-2017)

ly a misidentification as today the recognized distribution of this species is restricted to western Africa. It is possible that the Cabinda frog may be referable to Phrynobatrachus auritus Boulenger, 1900. MAP 96. Distribution of Phrynobatrachus plicatus in Angola.

suggests that northern specimens of R. barnardi should be reexamined to confirm their specific identity. MAP 154. Distribution of Rhoptropus sp. in Angola. in Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840-2017)

suggests that northern specimens of R. barnardi should be reexamined to confirm their specific identity. MAP 154. Distribution of Rhoptropus sp. in Angola.

1987 in Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840-2017)

1987:179; Schiøtz 1975:61, 1999:247; Channing 2001:188). Cuando Cubango: "Cubango basin (6b)" [-14.67458, 17.73544] (Conradie et al. 2016:8-9, 15). Taxonomic and distributional notes: The type locality was for some time the only known record for K. kuvangensis. Recently, Conradie et al. (2016) cited the species from Cuando Cubango region. Other authors have also identified populations in Zambia as this species (Schiøtz 1999; Channing 2001). MAP 59. Distribution of Kassina kuvangensis in Angola.