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FIGURE 3. Male gnathopod 1 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 3. Male gnathopod 1 propodus anterior margin; 24.1 with 1–2 groups of robust setae (after Morino 2014); 24.2 with 3–4 groups of robust setae (after Marsden & Fenwick 1984); 24.3 with 5–9 groups of robust setae (after Lowry & Myers 2019a); 24. 4 with scattered groups of very short setae (after Bousfield 1982). Male gnathopod 1 propodus 25.1 subrectangular (after Stock & Martin 1988); 25.2 enlarged subrectangular (after Hurley 1957); 25.3 subovoid (after Jo 1988); 25.4 subtriangular with well developed posterodistal lobe (after Marsden & Fenwick, 1984)); 25.5 subrectangular tapering distally (after Shoemaker 1936). Male gnathopod 1 palm 26.1 transverse (White et al. 2013); 26.2 acute or obtuse (Friend 1982); 26.3 absent (after Lowry & Myers 2019a)
FIGURE 11 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 11. South Pacific Ocean. # indicates terrestrial. + indicates coastal. Red indicates Protorchestoidae taxa. Blue indicates Talitroidae taxa.
FIGURE 5. Pereopod 5 merus and carpus. 32. 1 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 5. Pereopod 5 merus and carpus. 32. 1. Not expanded (after Stock 1997); 32.2 merus and carpus expanded (after Bellan-Santini & Ruffo 1991). Pereopod 5 dactylus. 33.1 long, slender (after Stock 1997); 33.2 short, inflated (after Bellan-Santini & Ruffo 1991). Pereopod 7 sexual dimorphism.; 35.2 merus and carpus slightly incrassate (after Duncan 1994); 35.3 merus and carpus strongly incrassate (after Smith 1998); 35.4 carpus massive, plate-like (after Hurley 1956). Oostegites 36.1 with curled tips (after Bousfield 1982); 36.2 with simple smooth tips (after Bousfield 1982); 36.3 with multifurcated tips (after Serejo & Lowry 2008); 36.4 with spatulate tips (after Wildish & LeCroy 2014).
FIGURE 10 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 10. North Pacific Ocean. # indicates terrestrial. + indicates coastal. Red indicates Protorchestoidae taxa. Blue indicates Talitroidae taxa.
FIGURE 2. Male gnathopod 1. 23.2 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 2. Male gnathopod 1. 23.2 posterior margin of merus, carpus and proximal margin of propodus each with palmate setae (after Friend 1982); 23.1 posterior margin of merus, carpus and propodus each with patch of palmate setae (after Hurley 1957); 23.3a. posteriormargin of carpus and propodus each with patch of palmate setae (after Richardson 1991); 23.3b posterior margin of merus and carpus each with patch of palmate setae (after Friend 1987); 23.3c posterior margin of propodus with patch of palmate setae (after Hurley 1957); 23.3d posterior margin of carpus with patch of palmate setae (after Friend 1987); 23.4 posterior margin of merus, carpus and propodus each without patch of palmate setae (after Lowry & Myers 2019a).
FIGURE 1. Antenna 2.18.1 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 1. Antenna 2.18.1 slender (after Bousfield 1991); 18.2 incrassate (after Bousfield 1982). Maxilliped. 20.1 palp article 2 without distomedial lobe (after Hurley 1957); 20.2 palp article 2 with distomedial lobe (after Iaciofano & Lo Brutto 2016); 21.1 palp article 4 large well defined (after Krapp-Schickel 1993); 21.2 palp article 4 small, well defined (after Duncan 1994); 21.3a palp article 4 fused to article 3 (after Bellan-Santini, 1993); 21.3b palp article 4 reduced button shaped (after Hurley 1957). Gnathopod 1. 22.1 subchelate (after White, Lowry & Morino 2013); 22.2 parachelate (after Lindeman 1990); 22.3 simple (after Lowry & Myers 2019a); 22.4 chelate (after Serejo 2004).
FIGURE 4. Female gnathopod 2 merus. 27.2 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 4. Female gnathopod 2 merus. 27.2 posterodistal lappet present (after Bousfield 1982); male gnathopod 2 dactylus 28.1 unmodified, distally blunt (after Bousfield 1958); 28.2 recurved distally (after Afonso 1977); 28.3 attenuated distally (after Lowry & Myers 2019b); 28.4 slender, distally acute (after Chevreux, 1915); 28.5 stout, distally acute (after Stock & Martin 1988). Pereopods 3–7. 29.1 simplidactylate (after Friend 1979). 29.2 cuspidactylate (after Morino 2014, Stock & Abreu 1992). Pereopod 4 dactylus. 30.2. thickened (after Stock & Abreu 1992, Lowry & Coleman 2011).
Data from: Weighing homoplasy against alternative scenarios with the help of macroevolutionary modeling: a case study on limb bones of fossorial sciuromorph rodents
Homoplasy is a strong indicator of a phenotypic trait's adaptive significance when it can be linked to a similar function. We assessed homoplasy in functionally relevant scapular and femoral traits of Marmotini and Xerini, two sciuromorph rodent clades that independently acquired a fossorial lifestyle from an arboreal ancestor. We studied 125 species in the scapular dataset and 123 species in the femoral dataset. Pairwise evolutionary model comparison was used to evaluate whether homoplasy of trait optima is more likely than other plausible scenarios. The most likely trend of trait evolution among all traits was assessed via likelihood scoring of all considered models. The homoplasy hypothesis could never be confirmed as the single most likely model. Regarding likelihood scoring, scapular traits most frequently did not differ among Marmotini, Xerini, and arboreal species. For the majority of femoral traits, results indicate that Marmotini, but not Xerini, evolved away from the ancestral arboreal condition. We conclude on the basis of the scapular results that the forelimbs of fossorial and arboreal sciuromorphs share mostly similar functional demands, whereas the results on the femur indicate that the hind limb morphology is less constraint, perhaps depending on the specific fossorial habitat.
FIGURE 19 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 19. Enhydrosoma kosmetron sp. nov., line drawings, A-D, holotype ♀; F, allotype ♂: A, urosome, ventral; B, anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal; C, exopod of antenna, anterior; D, mandibula, posterior; E, maxillula, anterior; F, urosome, ventral.
FIGURE 16 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 16. Enhydrosoma kosmetron sp. nov., SEM photographs, A-D, paratype ♀1; E & F, paratype ♀2; G & H, paratype ♂1: A, habitus, dorsal; B, cephalic shield, dorsal; C, sensillum in central part of cephalic shield; D, anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal; E, rostrum, lateral; F, rostrum and left antennula, lateral; G, habitus, dorsal; H, anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal.
FIGURE 15 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 15. Enhydrosoma robustum sp. nov., line drawings, A-I, paratype ♀11; J-M, allotype ♂: A, endopod of antenna, posterior; B, cutting edge of mandibula, anterior; C, maxilla, anterior; D, third exopodal segment of first leg, anterior; E, endopod of first leg, anterior; F, endopod of third leg, anterior; G, fourth leg, anterior; H, left fifth leg, antero-lateral; I, right fifth leg, anterior; J, endopod of third leg, anterior; K, left fifth leg, posterior; L, right fifth leg, anterior; M, spermatophore.
FIGURE 14 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 14. Enhydrosoma robustum sp. nov., line drawings, A-C, paratype ♀11; D-F, allotype ♂: A, urosome, ventral; B, anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal; C, antennula, ventral; D, urosome, ventral; E, right antennula, dorsal; F, left antennula, ventral.
FIGURE 13 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 13. Enhydrosoma robustum sp. nov., SEM photographs, A, paratype ♀10; B-H, paratype ♂1: A, rostrum and antennula, dorso-lateral; B, habitus, ventral; C, rostrum, ventral; D, right antennula, ventral; E, detail of right antennula, ventral; F, rostrum and proximal part of left antennula, ventral; G, distal part of left antennula, ventral; H, mouth appendages, ventral.
FIGURE 21 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 21. Enhydrosoma kosmetron sp. nov., line drawings, allotype ♂: A, right antennula, ventral; B, distal part of left antennula, antero-ventral; C, mandibular palp, posterior; D, cutting edge of mandibula, posterior; E, maxillular palp, dorsal; F, endopod of third leg, anterior; G, endopod of fourth leg, anterior; H, fifth leg, anterior.
FIGURE 11 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 11. Enhydrosoma robustum sp. nov., SEM photographs, A & B, paratype ♀3; C-G, paratype ♀4; H, paratype ♀5: A, habitus, ventral; B, caudal rami, ventral; C, habitus, ventral; D, rostrum, antennules, and antennae, ventral; E, mouth appendages, ventral; F, fifth leg, anterior; G, caudal rami, ventro-posterior; H, maxilliped, ventral.
FIGURE 10 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 10. Enhydrosoma robustum sp. nov., SEM photographs, A-F, paratype ♀1; G & H, paratype ♀2: A, habitus, lateral; B, cephalic shield, lateral; C, posterior-distal corner of cephalic shield, lateral; D, sensillum on posterior distal corner of cephalic shield; E, free prosomites, lateral; F, sensillum on central free prosomite; G, habitus, dorso-lateral; H, caudal rami, dorso-lateral.
FIGURE 18 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 18. Enhydrosoma kosmetron sp. nov., SEM photographs, paratype ♂4: A, habitus, lateral; B, cephalic shield, lateral; C, postero-lateral corner of cephalic shield, lateral; D, sensillum on postero-lateral corner of cephalic shield; E, right antennula, lateral; F, transformed seta on first antennular segment, lateral; G, transformed seta on fifth antennular segment, lateral; H, anal somite and caudal rami, lateral.
FIGURE 23 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 23. MP cladograms resulting from an analysis of 32 morphological characters (Table 3), scored for five Enhydrosoma Boeck, 1873 species and one outgroup, Geehydrosoma intermedia (Chislenko, 1978), constructed using Winclada/NONA and Rachet Island search method: A & B, two equally parsimonious trees; C, their strict consensus. Full squares represent presumed synapomorphies, empty squares represent presumed plesiomorphies or homoplasies, numbers above squares represent characters, numbers below squares represent character states, and large italic numbers on branches represent bootstrap values from 1000 pseudoreplicates.
FIGURE 9 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 9. Enhydrosoma apimelon sp. nov., line drawings, paratype ♀10: A, third swimming leg, anterior; B, fourth swimming leg, anterior.
FIGURE 8 in Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
FIGURE 8. Enhydrosoma apimelon sp. nov., line drawings, paratype ♀10: A, maxillula, posterior; B, maxilliped, posterior; C, first swimming leg, anterior; D, second swimming leg, anterior.
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