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Fig. 2. Multiplex PCR gel showing the 716 in Molecular diagnostics of the honey bee parasites Lotmaria passim and Crithidia spp. (Trypanosomatidae) using multiplex PCR

Fig. 2. Multiplex PCR gel showing the 716 to 724 bp amplicon for Lotmaria passim and Crithidia species, the L. passim specific 499 bp amplicon, and the Crithidia specific 245 bp amplicon.

Fig. 1 in Molecular diagnostics of the honey bee parasites Lotmaria passim and Crithidia spp. (Trypanosomatidae) using multiplex PCR

Fig. 1. Bayesian molecular phylogenetic tree showing relationship of 2 Hawaiian Lotmaria passim positive samples relative to other trypanosomes from Gen- Bank for a 608 bp region of the rDNA SSU gene.

Fig. 2. Western blot analysis for SINV-3 capsid protein 9 d afer inoculating 6 in Solenopsis invicta virus 3: infection tests with adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 2. Western blot analysis for SINV-3 capsid protein 9 d afer inoculating 6 groups of honey bees and 6 fire ant colonies. Lanes 1 and 2 show positive detection of capsid proteins in all 6 inoculated fire ant colonies (shown in 3 rows). Lanes 3 to 8 show negative tests for 18 bees (3 from each of the 6 groups inoculated with SINV-3).

Fig. 1. A in Solenopsis invicta virus 3: infection tests with adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 1. A) Comparison of SINV-3 genome copies per nanogram of RNA in red imported fire ant colonies and honey bee groups inoculated with SINV-3 shown in days since being inoculated (N = 6 samples). Note that the Y-axis is in millions of copies. Error bars, where visible, show the standard error of the mean. B) Y-axis of top graph expanded by 1,000 times to show mean SINV-3 genome copies found in each of the 6 inoculated honey bee groups graphed over time (N = 3 bees per group).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2018View details →

Evolved eavesdropping: sympatric but not allopatric honey bee species can detect and use hornet alarm pheromone for defence

Eavesdropping is predicted to evolve between sympatric, but not allopatric, predator and prey. The evolutionary arms race between Asian honey bees and their hornet predators has led to a remarkable defence, heat-balling, which suffocates hornets with heat and carbon dioxide. We show that the sympatric Asian species, Apis cerana(Ac), formed heat balls in response to Ac and hornet (Vespavelutina) alarm pheromones, demonstrating eavesdropping. The allopatric species, Apismellifera(Am), only weakly responded to a live hornet and Am alarm pheromone, butnot to hornet alarm pheromone. We observed typical hornet alarm pheromone releasing behaviour, hornet sting extension, when guard bees initially attacked. Once heat balls were formed, guards released honey bee sting alarm pheromones: isopentyl acetate, octyl acetate, (E)-2-decen-1-yl acetate, and benzyl acetate. Only Ac heat-balled in response to realistic bee alarm pheromone component levels, <1 bee-equivalent (1 µg), of isopentyl acetate. Detailed eavesdropping experiments showed that Ac, but not Am, formed heat-balls in response to a synthetic blend of hornet alarm pheromone. Only Ac antennae showed strong, consistent responses to hornet alarm pheromone compounds and venom volatiles. These data provide the first evidence that the sympatric Ac, but not the allopatric Am, can eavesdrop upon hornet alarm pheromone and uses this information, in addition to bee alarm pheromone, to heat-ball hornets. Evolution has likely given Ac this eavesdropping ability, an adaptation that the allopatric Am does not possess.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2019View details →

Data and code: Gut microbiota structure differs between honey bees in winter and summer

This dataset contains data and code underlying the qPCR, amplicon sequencing, and statistical analysis of the research article "Gut microbiota structure differs between honey bees in winter and summer”. Short read datasets are available under NCBI Bioproject accession PRJNA578869.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2013View details →

Figure 1 in Comparison of two morphometric methods for discriminating honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations in Turkey

Figure 1. Sampling locations in Turkey (Thrace: 1–2; Aegean: 3; Central Anatolia/ Mediterranean: 4–11; Southeastern Anatolia: 12–13; Northeastern Anatolia: 14–15).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2018View details →

Fig. 2 in Can the environment influence varroosis infestation in Africanized honey bees in a Neotropical region?

Fig. 2. Biplot of canonical discriminator of temperature (°C), rainfall (mm), altitude (m), and Varroa destructor infestation level (%) from Bahia State mesoregions, Brazil. BA1: São Francisco Valley; BA2: Middle East; BA3: Metropolitan of Salvador; BA4: South Center; BA5: South.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Can the environment influence varroosis infestation in Africanized honey bees in a Neotropical region?

Fig. 1. Cities (black squares) where the apiaries are located from 5 different mesoregions in Bahia State, Brazil. BA1: São Francisco Valley; BA2: Middle East; BA3: Metropolitan of Salvador; BA4: South Center; BA5: South.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2018View details →

Fig. 3 in Can the environment influence varroosis infestation in Africanized honey bees in a Neotropical region?

Fig. 3. Contribution of the variables in the first canonical discriminant function from temperature (°C), rainfall (mm), altitude (m), and Varroa destructor infestation level (%) from 5 different mesoregions in Bahia State,Brazil.BA1: São Francisco Valley; BA2: Middle East; BA3: Metropolitan of Salvador; BA4: South Center; BA5: South.

Fig. 1 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 1. Relative proportion of DWV genotype A and B reads in publicly available NCBI transcriptome datasets of honey bees, V. destructor mites and bumble bees.

Fig. 2 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 2. First published records of DWV genotype B in Varroa destructor (closed box) or in Apis mellifera (red boxes: pre-2010; open boxes: 2010 onwards) from a country or geographic region; citations are in Table 3. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 4. Temporal change in the proportion of DWV-A to DWV-B across our own datasets (a) (prevalence in Fig. 3); in published datasets (b) (UK data in Kevill et al. (2021); continental USA data in Ryabov et al. (2017); and Hawaii data in Grindrod et al. (2021)); and (c) in NCBI NGS honey bee datasets of Fig. 1 presented by geographic origin.

Fig. 3 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 3. Temporal change in the prevalence of DWV-A and DWV-B in honey bees in three original datasets separated by 5–6 years from the same sampling localities in the UK (individual honey bees collected at flowers), Germany (pooled honey bees from collapsing colonies) and Italy (NGS reads from pooled or individual honey bees); Germany 2019 samples were summed 2019–2020; Italy 2011 samples were summed 2009–2013 and Italy 2019 samples were summed 2018–2020.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Collection of images and raw coordinates of honey bee (Apis mellifera) wings from the central highlands of Ecuador.

Images and raw coordinates of honey bee (Apis mellifera) wings from the central highlands of Ecuador

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Current status of Acarapis woodi mite infestation in Africanized honey bee Apis mellifera in Brazil

Fig. 1. States evaluated for the presence of Acarapis woodi in Brazil. The blank area represents the states not surveyed; dark grey areas show the states surveyed in this study which presented negative results (circles with negative sign); light grey areas show previous studies from the 1970s.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Research project on field data collection for honey bee colony model evaluation - datasets

Description of the datasets The file 00_MUSTB_field_data_model.docx contains the data model according to which the data collected in the context of the MUSTB field data collection were reported to EFSA. The current data model description includes some modifications with respect to the specifications published before the beginning of the project (EFSA, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1234). All the tables included in the data model are published here in csv format. The underlying schemas are also published in xsd format. Sites: General information about the sites where the data collection took place; Polygons: General information about the polygons where the botanical survey took place. Table I: Pesticide application, reporting data on experimental spraying events; Table II: Resource providing unit and landscape fitness, reporting data on abundance of flowering plants in polygons mostly within 1.5 km, but in some cases up to 3 km of the experimental colony; Table III: Master list of all hives included in the study; Table IV: Colony management, reporting the log of the beekeeper regarding input (if material was added to the hive: e.g. empty frames, chemicals for varroa treatment, sugar), output (if material was removed from the hive, e.g. honey combs, supers), queen loss, swarming, or clinical signs observed in the experimental hives; Table V: Hive inspection, reporting data on in-hive measurements in the experimental colonies. This table contained several types of data, including: <ul> <li>Data on brood development and food provision (“cell utilization”) obtained from image analysis of combs;</li> <li>Data on forager activity obtained from automatic video recordings and image analysis by a bee counter;</li> <li>Data on hive weight obtained from automatic logging by a hive scale;</li> <li>Data on adult bee strength, obtained by weight assessment of combs with and without adult bees (“bees per comb data”);</li> </ul> Table VI: SSD2, reporting data on results of laboratory analyses of pollen, pesticide residues and parasites/pathogens. These four types of laboratory analyses involved different methods, and were reported according to different standards. Therefore, a number of the fields in the technical specifications for the SSD2 table (EFSA, 2017) were not applicable for records reporting results of some analyses, in particular palynological, parasite and pathogen analyses. These fields were left empty; Table VII: Colony observation, reporting observations of honey bee waggle dances from observation hives. Orientation denotes the angle of the waggling phase relative to the vertical axis on the comb. Direction denotes the actual direction in the landscape, as calculated from the orientation of the waggle dance. In all the csv files, columns with the suffix "_desc" have been included, where relevant, to include the name corresponding to the EFSA controlled terminology used in the previous column (e.g. resUnit contains EFSA term codes while resUnit_desc contains the term names). Data storage All data collected during the project was stored in a relational database. The database was developed in .NET Entity Framework Core, ran on a PostgreSQL, and was hosted by Amazon Web Service during the whole duration of the project development. Data could be imported or entered manually in the database through a web form. Administrators could create new users and administrators, new sites, and new colonies, i.e., administrators were allowed to enter or change data of all tables. Users were allowed to enter data, and could view, retrieve, and modify their own data of all tables, except for Table III (description of experimental colonies). Administrators could view and retrieve all data. Data was retrieved in CSV and XML formats, and were structured to secure a smooth transmission of data to the Data Collection Framework of EFSA. Furthermore, data flow from the field data collection to the development of ApisRAM was secured by direct communication between the field and modelling teams.   Version 2 contains the UTM coordinates in tables Sites, Polygons and Resource providing unit.

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Data for: An invasive ant increases deformed wing virus loads in honey bees

The majority of invasive species are best known for their effects as predators. However, many introduced predators may also be substantial reservoirs for pathogens. Honey bee-associated viruses are found in various arthropod species including invasive ants. We examined how the globally invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), which can reach high densities and infest beehives, is associated with pathogen dynamics in honey bees. Viral loads of Deformed wing virus (DWV), which has been linked to millions of beehive deaths around the globe, and black queen cell virus significantly increased in bees when invasive ants were present. Microsporidian and trypanosomatid infections, which are more bee-specific, were not affected by ant invasion. The bee virome in autumn revealed that DWV was the predominant virus with the highest infection levels and that no ant-associated viruses were infecting bees. Viral spillback from ants could increase infections in bees. In addition, ant attacks could pose a significant stressor to bee colonies that may affect virus susceptibility. These viral dynamics are a hidden effects of ant pests, which could have a significant impact on disease emergence in an economically important pollinator. Our study contributes to unravel a perhaps overlooked effect of species invasions: changes in pathogen dynamics.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →