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194 results for “host adaptation”

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dryad36/100

Data for: Local adaptation of a generalist hemiparasitic plant to one of its potential host plants

Coevolution is often found in parasite-host interactions but has not yet been described for hemiparasitic plants and their hosts. Root hemiparasites like Rhinanthus alectorolophus perform photosynthesis but also parasitize other plant species, some of which (e.g. Plantago lanceolata) may defend themselves against parasite attack by blocking the haustoria of the parasites. We grew seedlings of the hemiparasite Rhinanthus alectorolophus and the potential host Plantago lanceolata from seven grassland sites in a factorial design. To detect differences in host defence, we also included hosts from two 'naïve' populations from regions where the parasite does not occur. R. alectorolophus grew consistently larger and had higher fitness with sympatric than with allopatric hosts, suggesting parasite adaptation to local host populations. Moreover, R. alectorolophus remained smallest with allopatric hosts from the same region and reached intermediate sizes with allopatric hosts from other regions or naïve hosts, suggesting host adaptation to parasites at the regional scale. Parasite presence reduced the size of the host plants already after four weeks, but only that of hosts with 'experience' of the parasite, suggesting an early host response. Follow-up experiments confirmed that parasites attach to hosts already after four weeks and hosts respond by changing belowground allocation patterns. However, parasite roots did not preferentially grow towards sympatric hosts. Our results suggest that local adaptation to hosts can occur even in generalist parasites and does not require specialization on individual hosts. We discuss the role of potential mechanisms, including variation in chemical signalling (early) and in host defence (late effects).

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

dryad36/100

Drosophila melanogaster hosts coevolving with Pseudomonas entomophila pathogen show sex-specific patterns of local adaptation

Background: In spatially structured populations, local adaptation improves organisms' fitness in their native environment. Host and pathogens can rapidly adapt to their local antagonist. Since males and females can differ in their immunocompetence, the patterns of local adaptation can be different between the sexes. However, there is little information about sex differences in local adaptation in host-pathogen systems. Results: In the current study, we experimentally coevolved four different replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster (host) and Pseudomonas entomophila (pathogen) along with appropriate controls. We used the four host-pathogen coevolution populations to investigate the occurrence of local adaptation separately in males and females of the coevolving hosts. We also assessed local adaptation in pathogens. We set up a reciprocal infection experiment where we infected each of the four coevolving hosts with their local pathogen or non-local pathogens from the other three replicate populations. We found that overall, male and female hosts had better survivorship when infected with local pathogens, indicating that they were locally adapted. Interestingly, males were more susceptible to non-local pathogens compared to females. In addition, we found no fecundity cost in females infected with either local or non-local pathogens. We found no evidence of local adaptation among the pathogens. Conclusion: Our study showed sex-specific adaptation in the coevolving hosts where female hosts had a broader response against allopatric coevolving pathogens with no cost in fecundity. Thus, our results might suggest a novel mechanism that can maintain variation in susceptibility in spatially structured populations.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Adaptation of pathogens to their local plant host, Silphium integrifolium, along a precipitation gradient

All figures and code were generated in RStudio 2022.02.3+492 "Prairie Trillium" Release. All packages needed to run the R code are shown in the RMD’s.   Code to generate figures and statistical analysis:   <ul> <li>DVTindex_help.Rmd <ul> <li>Code to generate figure 3</li> </ul> </li> <li>Figure5_PrairieVSCommonGarden <ul> <li>Code to generate figure 5</li> </ul> </li> <li>PATHOFigs_for_Manu_FEB22.Rmd <ul> <li>Code to generate figures 1, 2, 4</li> </ul> </li> <li>SUPP_Figure3_DimPathoEDIT.Rmd <ul> <li>Code to generate supplementary figure 3 (fig S3)</li> </ul> </li> <li>STATSAnalysis_PathoDim2B.Rmd <ul> <li>Code to generate all tables and statistical analysis in the manuscript</li> </ul> </li> </ul>   Description of data files: <ul> <li>2019and2020Prairie_data.txt <ul> <li>This file contains data collected from the prairie sites in 2019 and 2020</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dim2b_latlon.csv <ul> <li>The latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates for the common garden sites and prairie sites as well as precipitation data</li> </ul> </li> <li>DVTINDEX_from_DVT.csv <ul> <li>A separate file that contains the data that produced fig 3. This data file is sourced from SEPT2019_2020_COMPILED_2b_DATACOLL.txt</li> </ul> </li> <li>SEPT2019_2020_COMPILED_2b_DATACOLL.txt</li> <li>SEPT2019_2020_COMPILED_2b_DATACOLL_plots.txt</li> <li>SEPT2019_2020_COMPILED_2b_DATACOLL_plots_longversion.txt <ul> <li>These 3 data files are different versions of the same raw data that was collected from the common garden sites in 2019 and 2020. The code calls for all 3 at different points to generate plots and run statistical analyses</li> </ul> </li> <li>Summary [ insert unique name here] <ul> <li>Various data frames generated from r mark downs that contain summary statistics of the data. These are used to produce the figures in PATHOFigs_for_Manu_FEB22.Rmd graphs.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Evolved transcriptional responses and their trade-offs after long-term adaptation of Bemisia tabaci to a marginally-suitable host

Scripts and data used in the work "Evolved transcriptional responses and their trade-offs after long-term adaptation of Bemisia tabaci to a marginally-suitable host". Abstract: Although generalist insect herbivores can migrate and rapidly adapt to a broad range of host plants, they can face significant difficulties when accidentally migrating to novel and marginally-suitable hosts. What happens, at both the performance and transcriptional levels, if these marginally-suitable hosts must be used for multiple generations before migration to a suitable host can take place, largely remains unknown. In this study, we established multigenerational colonies of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a generalist phloem-feeding species, adapted to a marginally-suitable host (habanero pepper) or an optimal host (cotton). We used reciprocal host tests to estimate the differences in performance of the populations on both hosts under optimal (30 oC) and mild-stressful (24 oC) temperature conditions, and documented the associated transcriptomic changes. The habanero pepper-adapted population greatly improved its performance on habanero pepper but did not reach its performance level on cotton, the original host. It also showed reduced performance on cotton, relative to the non-adapted population, and an antagonistic effect of the lower-temperature stressor. The transcriptomic data revealed that most of the expression changes, associated with long-term adaptation to habanero pepper, can be categorized as “evolved” with no initial plastic response. Three molecular functions dominated: enhanced formation of cuticle structural constituents, enhanced activity of oxidation-reduction processes involved in neutralization of phytotoxins and reduced production of proteins from the cathepsin B family. Taken together, these findings indicate that generalist insects can adapt to novel host plants by modifying the expression of a relatively small set of specific molecular functions.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

dryad36/100

No evidence of adaptive tolerance of parasitism in a cavity-nesting brood parasite host

Acceptance of avian brood parasitism by hosts is one of the most enigmatic aspects of brood parasite-host coevolution. The most common explanation for acceptance of parasitism by hosts of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) is evolutionary lag, which suggests that hosts have not had enough time to evolve defenses against parasitism. Alternatively, acceptance may be the optimal strategy when the costs of rejecting parasitism exceed the benefits. The lack of nest site hypothesis applies to secondary cavity-nesting birds that cannot excavate their own nests and predicts that hosts accept parasitism instead of deserting a parasitized nest when there are no vacant nest sites available in which to renest. I tested this hypothesis using the prothonotary warbler (Pronotaria citrea), a commonly parasitized, cavity-nesting cowbird host. I used a paired nest box design and predicted that if hosts accept parasitism because of a lack of alternative nest sites, they should desert parasitized nests and renest in the vacant nest box on their territory. I recorded 37 cases where a nest was parasitized and warblers only deserted 2 parasitized nest boxes for a vacant nest box. Both desertions were attributable to factors other than parasitism and the rate of desertion did not differ from controls that only had a single nest box. Moreover, seven of the warblers initiated clutches in nest boxes that already contained cowbird egg despite having vacant nest boxes available on their territories. These results indicate that warblers do not accept parasitism because of tolerance, but likely due to evolutionary lag.

opencc-zeroJul 2024View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Genomic differentiation during speciation-with-gene-flow: comparing geographic and host-related variation in divergent life history adaptation in Rhagoletis pomonella

A major goal of evolutionary biology is to understand how variation within populations gets partitioned into differences between reproductively isolated species. Here, we examine the degree to which diapause life history timing, a critical adaptation promoting population divergence, explains geographic and host-related genetic variation in ancestral hawthorn and recently derived apple-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella. Our strategy involved combining experiments on two different aspects of diapause (initial diapause intensity and adult eclosion time) with a geographic survey of genomic variation across four sites where apple and hawthorn flies co-occur from north to south in the Midwestern USA. The results demonstrated that the majority of the genome showing significant geographic and host-related variation can be accounted for by initial diapause intensity and eclosion time. Local genomic differences between sympatric apple and hawthorn flies were subsumed within broader geographic clines; allele frequency differences within the races across the Midwest were 2 to 3-fold greater than those between the races in sympatry. As a result, sympatric apple and hawthorn populations displayed more limited genomic clustering compared to geographic populations within the races. The findings suggest that with reduced gene flow and increased selection on diapause equivalent to that seen between geographic sites, the host races may be recognized as different genotypic entities in sympatry, and perhaps species, a hypothesis requiring future genomic analysis of related sibling species to R. pomonella to test. Our findings concerning the way selection and geography interplay could be of broad significance for many cases of earlier stages of divergence-with-gene flow, including (1) where only modest increases in geographic isolation and the strength of selection may greatly impact genetic coupling and (2) the dynamics of how spatial and temporal standing variation is extracted by selection to generate differences between new and discrete units of biodiversity.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

dryad36/100

High physiological function for corals with thermally tolerant, host-adapted symbionts

The flexibility to associate with more than one symbiont may considerably expand a host's niche breadth. Coral animals and dinoflagellate micro-algae represent one of the most functionally integrated and widespread mutualisms between two eukaryotic partners. Symbiont identity greatly affects a coral's ability to cope with extremes in temperature and light. Over its broad distribution across the Eastern Pacific, the ecologically dominant branching coral, Pocillopora grandis, depends on mutualisms with the dinoflagellates Durusdinium glynnii and Cladocopium latusorum. Measurements of skeletal growth, calcification rates, total mass increase, calyx dimensions, reproductive output and response to thermal stress were used to assess the functional performance of these partner combinations. The results show both host–symbiont combinations displayed similar phenotypes; however, significant functional differences emerged when exposed to increased temperatures. Negligible physiological differences in colonies hosting the more thermally tolerant D. glynnii refute the prevailing view that these mutualisms have considerable growth tradeoffs. Well beyond the Eastern Pacific, pocilloporid colonies with D. glynnii are found across the Pacific in warm, environmentally variable, near-shore lagoonal habitats. While rising ocean temperatures threaten the persistence of contemporary coral reefs, lessons from the Eastern Pacific indicate that co-evolved thermally tolerant host–symbiont combinations are likely to expand ecologically and spread geographically to dominate reef ecosystems in the future.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov36/100

Effect of Probiotic on the Innate and Adaptive Host Response to Rhinovirus (EPIARR)

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01669603. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

dryad36/100