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Fig. 5 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 5. Selection percentage of Tachaea chinensis in the single-host treatments. Each treatment was repeated 10 times (one isopod per treatment); *: P <0.05, ***: P <0.001, ****: P <0.0001 (Binomial test of significance).

Fig. 1 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 1. Eight different host options were used to investigate the host selection of Tachaea. chinensis isopods. (a) Palaemon paucidens; (b) Palaemon sinensis; (c) Neocaridina spp.; (d) Macrobrachium nipponense; (e) Procambarus clarkii; (f) Rhodeus ocellatus; (g) Oryzias latipes and (h) Artificial P. paucidens.

Fig. 4 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 4. The experimental system used to test the potential predation of Tachaea chinensis by freshwater host species.

Fig. 10 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 10. Prey handling procedure of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (carapace length: 19 mm). (1) the crayfish P. clarkii approaching an 8 mm body length Tachaea chinensis; (2)–(5) P. clarkii catching and manipulating the prey using its pair of chelipeds; (6)–(8) the crayfish began consuming the prey by placing it directly into its mandibles.

Fig. 6 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 6. Selection percentage of Tachaea chinensis when subjected to un-common host selection experiments. Each treatment was repeated 10 times (one isopod per treatment); ***: P <0.001 (Binomial test of significance).

Fig. 8 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 8. Number of Tachaea chinensis predated by; Palaemon paucidens, Macrobrachium nipponense and Procambarus clarkii. A total of 20 T. chinensis isopods (two isopods per trials, 10 replications) were used in each treatment.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2004View details →

Fig. 3 in Host-parasite interactions between the piranha Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Characidae) and isopods and branchiurans (Crustacea) in the rio Araguaia basin, Brazil

Fig. 3. Correlation between the standard length of Pygocentrus nattereri and the number of branchiurans (intensity of infestation) in lakes and an oxbow lake at the rio Araguaia, State of Goiás, Amazon basin. (rs= 0.2397, p= 0.0001).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2004View details →

Fig. 2. The circle outlines a in Host-parasite interactions between the piranha Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Characidae) and isopods and branchiurans (Crustacea) in the rio Araguaia basin, Brazil

Fig. 2. The circle outlines a tumor (a) observed on Pygocentrus nattereri, possibly caused by the action of the isopod Braga patagonica (b).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2004View details →

Fig. 1 in Host-parasite interactions between the piranha Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Characidae) and isopods and branchiurans (Crustacea) in the rio Araguaia basin, Brazil

Fig. 1. Relative frequencies (%) of attachment sites of branchiurans on Pygocentrus nattereri (Serrasalminae) in the Amazon basin.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Can predators stabilize host-parasite interactions? Changes in aquatic predator identity alters amphibian responses and parasite abundance across life stages

The role of parasites can change depending on the food web community. Predators, for instance, can amplify or dilute parasite effects on their hosts. Likewise, exposure to parasites or predators at one life stage can have long-term consequences on individual performance and survival, which can influence population and disease dynamics. To understand how predators affect amphibian parasite infections across life stages, we manipulated exposure of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles to three predators (crayfish [Orconectes rusticus], bluegill [Lepomis macrochirus], or mosquitofish [Gambusia affinis]) and to trematode parasites (Echinostoma spp.) in mesocosms and followed juveniles in outdoor terrestrial enclosures through overwintering. Parasites and predators both had strong impacts on metamorphosis with bluegill and parasites individually reducing metamorph survival. However, when fish were present, the negative effects of parasites on survival were not apparent, likely because fish altered community composition via increased algal food resources. Bluegill also reduced snail abundance, which could explain the reduced abundance of parasites in surviving metamorphs. Bluegill and parasite exposure increased mass at metamorphosis, which increased metamorph jumping, swimming, and feeding performance, suggesting larger frogs would experience better terrestrial survival. Effects on size at metamorphosis persisted in the terrestrial environment but did not influence overwintering survival. Based on our results, we constructed stage-structured population models to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of bluegill and parasites on population dynamics. Our models suggested that the positive effects of bluegill and parasites on body size may have greater effects on population growth than the direct effects of mortality. This study illustrates how predators can alter the outcome of parasitic infections and highlights the need for long-term experiments that investigate how changes in host-parasite systems alter population dynamics. We show some predators reduce parasite effects and have indirect positive effects on surviving individuals potentially increasing host population persistence.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Data for: Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions

Parasites play key roles in regulating aquatic ecosystems, yet the impact of climate warming on their ecology and disease transmission remains poorly understood. Isolating the effect of warming is challenging as transmission involves multiple interacting species and potential intraspecific variation in temperature responses of one or more of these species. Here, we leverage a wide-ranging mosquito species and its facultative parasite as a model system to investigate the impact of temperature on host-parasite interactions and disease transmission. We conducted a common garden experiment measuring parasite growth and infection rates at seven temperatures using 12 field-collected parasite populations and a single mosquito population. We find that both free-living growth rates and infection rates varied with temperature, which were highest at 18-24.5°C and 13°C, respectively. Further, we find intraspecific variation in peak performance temperature reflecting patterns of local thermal adaptation—parasite populations from warmer source environments typically had higher thermal optima for free-living growth rates. For infection rates, we found a significant interaction between parasite population and nonlinear effects of temperature. These findings underscore the need to consider both host and parasite thermal responses, as well as intraspecific variation in thermal responses, when predicting the impacts of climate change on disease in aquatic ecosystems.

openmit-licenseOct 2023View details →

Ancient diversity in host-parasite interaction genes in a model parasitic nematode

Files associated with the "Ancient diversity in host-parasite interaction genes in a model parasitic nematode" manuscript.  VCF files: HB1_vs_nxHelBake1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz HB2_vs_nxHelBake1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz HB3_vs_nxHelBake1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz HP1_vs_ngHelPoly1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz HP2_vs_ngHelPoly1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz H. mixtum genome assemblies: Hm16_merged_spades_scaffolds.fa.gz Hm2_merged_spades_scaffolds.fa.gz Strongylomorph phylogeny: Strongylomorph_phylogeny_18Jan2023_20spp_511orthos.astral.nwk.gz Gene annotation files: ngHelPoly1.1.primary.final_annotations.cds.fa.gz ngHelPoly1.1.primary.final_annotations.gff3.gz ngHelPoly1.1.primary.final_annotations.proteins.fa.gz nxHelBake1.1.primary.final_annotations.cds.fa.gz nxHelBake1.1.primary.final_annotations.gff3.gz nxHelBake1.1.primary.final_annotations.proteins.fa.gz Curated repeat libraries: ngHelPoly1.1.repeats.01062023.fa.gz nxHelBake1.1.repeats.01062023.fa.gz Assembled transcripts: ngHelPoly1_hq_transcripts.fa.gz nxHelBake1_hq_transcripts.fa.gz

publicNov 2022View details →

Can predators stabilize host-parasite interactions? Changes in aquatic predator identity alters amphibian responses and parasite abundance across life stages

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publicSep 2023View details →

Data for: Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions

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opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Lousy grouse: comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host-parasite interactions

Understanding both sides of host-parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host-parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same groups of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double digest restriction associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Bayesian inference of ancestral host-parasite interactions under a phylogenetic model of host repertoire evolution

Intimate ecological interactions, such as those between parasites and their hosts, may persist over long time spans, coupling the evolutionary histories of the lineages involved. Most methods that reconstruct the coevolutionary history of such interactions make the simplifying assumption that parasites have a single host. Many methods also focus on congruence between host and parasite phylogenies, using cospeciation as the null model. However, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the host ranges of parasites are more complex: that host ranges often include more than one host and evolve via gains and losses of hosts rather than through cospeciation alone. Here, we develop a Bayesian approach for inferring coevolutionary history based on a model accommodating these complexities. Specifically, a parasite is assumed to have a host repertoire, which includes both potential hosts and one or more actual hosts. Over time, potential hosts can be added or lost, and potential hosts can develop into actual hosts or vice versa. Thus, host colonization is modeled as a two-step process that may potentially be influenced by host relatedness. We first explore the statistical behavior of our model by simulating evolution of host-parasite interactions under a range of parameter values. We then use our approach, implemented in the program RevBayes, to infer the coevolutionary history between 34 Nymphalini butterfly species and 25 angiosperm families. Our analysis suggests that host relatedness among angiosperm families influences how easily Nymphalini lineages gain new hosts.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands

The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, C. venezuelae, C. dicrus and C. eidolon) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1–25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence <0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, P. tortugensis was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1–17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of P. tortugensis on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Diverse host-parasite interactions mediate seasonal ecosystem linkages

Nematomorph parasites manipulate terrestrial arthropods, such as crickets and ground beetles, to enter streams where the parasites reproduce. These manipulated arthropods become a substantial prey subsidy for stream salmonids, causing cross-ecosystem energy flow. Diverse nematomorph-arthropod interactions are known to underlie the energy flow. However, whether and how they can mediate the magnitude and temporal attributes of energy flow remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether distinct species or phylogenetic groups of nematomorphs respectively manipulate different arthropod hosts, and how the diverse nematomorph-arthropod interactions, if any, mediate seasonal prey subsidy for stream salmonids. We found that distinct phylogenetic groups of Gordionus and Gordius nematomorphs infected ground beetle and orthopteran hosts, respectively. The Gordionus nematomorphs led their ground beetle hosts to enter streams in spring, subsidizing salmonid individuals during that season. By contrast, the Gordius nematomorphs manipulated orthopterans in autumn, causing the prey subsidy for salmonid individuals during that time. Maintaining the two distinct nematomorph-arthropod interactions, thus, resulted in the parasite-mediated prey subsidy in both spring and autumn in the study streams. Manipulative parasites are common, and they often associate with a range of host lineages, suggesting that similar effects of diverse host-parasite interactions on energy flow might be widespread in nature.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)

Previous work, using morphological characters, identified a generalist copepod parasite (Pharodes tortugensis) at high prevalence on two common gobies (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum and C. dicrus) in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). DNA barcoding subsequently revealed C. glaucofraenum to be three morphologically similar species (C. glaucofraenum, C. venezuelae and C. tortugae), casting doubt on host identities in the BVI and the classification of the parasite as a single species. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data from 67 gobies in the BVI showed that, in addition to C. dicrus, host gobies were a mix of C. glaucofraenum and C. venezuelae, while C. tortugae was unexpectedly absent from the study area. COI data (n = 70) indicated that the copepod infecting all three hosts was a single species, almost certainly P. tortugensis. The pharodes–coryphopterus interaction has a strong impact on host dynamics in the BVI, and a revised understanding of these dynamics must account for any differences among the three newly confirmed hosts in transmission of, and susceptibility to, the shared parasite. No other infected hosts were discovered at our sites, but P. tortugensis is reportedly widespread and infects 12 additional host species elsewhere. Further DNA barcoding is thus needed to test whether P. tortugensis is truly a widespread generalist, or instead represents a group of more specialized cryptic species.