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165 results for “interspecific variation”
FIG. 10 in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 10. — Strict consensus tree obtained by the computer programs Hennig86 (Lenght: 96, CI: 0.38, RI: 0.50) and Winclada99 (Lenght: 96, CI: 0.38, RI: 0.49). Abbreviations: Cl. 1-Cl. 6, number of the clades; in bold, the characters and in parenthesis, the character states; H, Holocene; Md, Middle Age; P, Pleistocene; Pl, Pliocene; R, Recent; s.f., subfossil; O., Ocenebra.
FIG. 8 in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 8. — Spiral sculpture of recent Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (apertural view); A, B, O. erinaceus (Malaga, Mediterranean Sea, Spain) (MNHN, domaine de collection Botanique et Zoologie); C, D, O. brevirobusta (Casablanca, Atlantic, Morocco) (MNHN R11448 et R11449; Lecointre coll.). Abbreviations: see p. 267. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, D, 5 mm.
FIG. 9 in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 9. — Spiral sculpture of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (apertural view); A, specimen from Asti (Pliocene, Italy) (MNHN R11447; Vibray coll.); B, specimen from Aigues-Mortes (Recent, Mediterranean Sea, France) (MNHN R63993; Merle coll.); C, specimen from Saint-Brieuc (English Channel, France) (MNHN R11445; Lhomme coll.); D, specimen from Oléron Island (Atlantic, France) (MNHN R11446; Lacour coll.). Abbreviations: see p. 267. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 7 in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 7. — Simplistic representation of the ontogeny of the spiral cords of Ocenebra brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (population from Casablanca, Moroccan Atlantic). Abbreviations: adis, adapical secondary cord of the siphonal canal; ADP, adapical primary cord of the siphonal canal; ads, adapical secondary cord of the sutural ramp; IP, infrasutural primary cord; P1, shoulder cord; P2-P6, primary cords of the convex part of the whorl (w.); s2, s3, s6, secondary cords of the convex part of the whorl.
FIG. 13. — A in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 13. — A, intra- and interpopulation analysis using the Procrustes analysis for five specimens of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Malaga (red), from Quiberon (blue), and for five specimen from O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 from Moroccan Atlantic (green); B, morphological comparisons using the Procrustes analysis for the Mediterranean populations of O. erinaceus (Recent: dark red; fossils: light red), the Atlantic Ocean populations of O. erinaceus (Recent: dark blue; fossils: light blue), O. brevirobusta (Recent: dark green; fossil: light green) and for Ocinebrellus inornatus (Récluz, 1851) (black). The populations from Cap Rhir and the Étang de Thau respectively are in yellow and brown colours.
FIG. 3 in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 3. — Location of 14 landmarks on the ventral view of the Ocenebra Gray, 1847. The correspondence between the primary cords (P1 to P4) and the landmarks is given; photo of O. erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758), V. Berrou.
FIG. 2 in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 2. — Linear measures used for the biometric study of Ocenebra Gray, 1847. Abbreviations: BCS, distance between the base and the old siphonal canal; H, total height; HA, height of the aperture excluding the siphonal canal; HLW, height of the last whorl; HP1, height of the P1 cord spine; HS, height of the siphonal canal; TP1, thickness of P1; WA, width of the aperture; WS, width of the shoulder; photo of O. erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758), courtesy of R. Houart.
FIG. 1. — A in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 1. — A, geographic range of the genus Ocenebra Gray, 1847 in Europe after Houart (2001a) modified; B, geographic location of the studied samples; photos of Ocenebra, courtesy of R. Houart.
Figure 7 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 7. Phenogram computed from the Mahalanobis distances between chromosomal groups for Ctenomys torquatus from Brazil (2n = 40, 44, and 46), C. torquatus from Uruguay (2n = 44u), and Ctenomys pearsoni (2n = 66 and 70). Tree made by using the neighbour-joining method with branch lengths proportional to morphological distances. Scale bar: 4 units.
Figure 4 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 4. Kernel density estimates on principal components (PC) 1 and 2 of shape variables and convex hulls for specimens of Ctenomys torquatus (•) and Ctenomys pearsoni (Δ). Variance percentages are given on the y axis. Dark areas indicate higher density regions.
Figure 6 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 6. Plot of the six chromosomal populations for the first two axes of the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for three integrated views. Ctenomys torquatus, 2n = 40, 44, 44u, and 46; Ctenomys pearsoni, 2n = 66 and 70.
Figure 3 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 3. Box-and-whisker plots showing the distribution of centroid size for the lateral view of the skull of two Ctenomys torquatus and Ctenomys pearsoni specimens, and for each sex. Upper and lower hinges correspond to the first and third quartiles, and whiskers correspond to the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 2 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 2. Ctenomys torquatus skull, with indication of morphological landmarks for the dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views of the cranium. Appendix 2 gives the key to the landmarks. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Data for: Intra- and interspecific variation in trace element concentrations in feathers of North European Trans-African migrants
<p>The knowledge of migratory connectivity is important for understanding the potential drivers of populations and it is thus important for conservation implications. Migratory connectivity of species can be studied using exogenous, such as rings and transmitters, or endogenous markers, such as stable isotopes and trace elements. The use of trace elements has been much less frequently studied compared to stable isotopes. Trace elements can be studied from the feathers of birds and this does not necessarily require trapping of individuals. Here we studied the variation of 18 different trace elements in feathers of two long-distance trans-African migrants, willow warblers Phylloscopus trochilus and barn swallows Hirundo rustica, using body feathers of museum specimens of birds from Finnish breeding grounds. The trace elements were measured using Laser-Ablation Inductively-Coupled-Plasma Mass-Spectrometry. We show that trace element concentrations were relatively stable along the rachis within the same feather except in Ni and S, which showed a quadratic pattern. In general, variation within feathers of the same individuals was smaller than in feathers between individuals for most elements. Furthermore, concentrations of 11 trace elements showed significantly higher concentrations in willow warbler feathers collected in spring than in autumn, moulted in African wintering grounds and European breeding grounds, respectively. Last, concentrations of seven trace elements were significantly higher in the spring feathers of willow warblers compared to barn swallows. This suggests that trace elements could be used to separate moulting grounds of the birds on the larger scale within the same species, but also sampling design should be carefully considered.</p>
Distinguishing intraspecific from interspecific variation in the leopard frog species complex
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Data for: Intra- and interspecific variation in trace element concentrations in feathers of North European Trans-African migrants
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Interspecific variation and elevated CO2 influence the relationship between plant chemical resistance and regrowth tolerance
<p>To understand how comprehensive plant defense phenotypes will respond to global change, we investigated the legacy effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on the relationships between chemical resistance (constitutive and induced via mechanical damage) and regrowth tolerance in four milkweed species (<i>Asclepias</i>). We quantified potential resistance and tolerance tradeoffs at the physiological level following simulated clipping/mowing, which are relevant to milkweed ecology and conservation. We examined the legacy effects of elevated CO<sub>2 </sub>on four hypothesized tradeoffs between: 1) plant growth rate and constitutive chemical resistance (foliar cardenolide concentrations), 2) plant growth rate and mechanically induced chemical resistance, 3) constitutive resistance and regrowth tolerance, and 4) regrowth tolerance and mechanically induced resistance. We observed support for one tradeoff between plant regrowth tolerance and mechanically induced resistance traits that was, surprisingly, independent of CO<sub>2</sub> exposure. Across milkweed species, mechanically induced resistance increased by 28% in those plants previously exposed to elevated CO<sub>2. </sub> In contrast, constitutive resistance, and the diversity of mechanically induced chemical resistance traits declined in response to elevated CO<sub>2 </sub>in two out of four milkweed species. Finally, previous exposure to elevated CO<sub>2 </sub>uncoupled the positive relationship between plant growth rate and regrowth tolerance following damage. Our data highlight the complex and dynamic nature of plant defense phenotypes under environmental change and question the generality of physiologically-based defense tradeoffs.</p>
Data from: Influence of intra- and interspecific variation in predator-prey body size ratios on trophic interaction strengths
<p>1. Predation is a pervasive force that structures food webs and directly influences ecosystem functioning. The relative body sizes of predators and prey may be an important determinant of interaction strengths. However, studies quantifying the combined influence of intra- and interspecific variation in predator-prey body size ratios are lacking.</p> <p>2. We use a comparative functional response approach to examine interaction strengths between three size classes of invasive bluegill and largemouth bass towards three scaled size classes of their tilapia prey. We then quantify the influence of intra- and interspecific predator-prey body mass ratios on the scaling of attack rates and handling times.</p> <p>3. Type II functional responses were displayed by both predators across all predator and prey size classes. Largemouth bass consumed more than bluegill at small and intermediate predator size classes, whilst large predators of both species were more similar. Small prey were most vulnerable overall, however differential attack rates among prey were emergent across predator sizes. For both bluegill and largemouth bass, small predators exhibited higher attack rates towards small and intermediate prey sizes, whilst larger predators exhibited greater attack rates towards large prey. Conversely, handling times increased with prey size, with small bluegill exhibiting particularly low feeding rates towards medium-large prey types. Attack rates for both predators peaked unimodally at intermediate predator-prey body mass ratios, whilst handling times generally shortened across increasing body mass ratios.</p> <p>4. We thus demonstrate effects of body size ratios on predator-prey interaction strengths between key fish species, with attack rates and handling times dependent on the relative sizes of predator-prey participants.</p> <p>5. Considerations for intra- and interspecific body size ratio effects are critical for predicting the strengths of interactions within ecosystems and may drive differential ecological impacts among invasive species as size ratios shift.</p>
Seasonality and interspecific competition shape individual niche variation in co-occurring tetra fish in Neotropical streams
The drivers of intraspecific niche variation and its effects on species interactions are still unclear, especially in species-rich Neotropical environments. Here, we investigated how ecological opportunity and interspecific competition affect the degree of individual trophic specialization and the population niche breadth in tetra fish. We studied the four ecologically similar species (Psalidodon aff. gymnodontus, P. aff. paranae, P. bifasciatus, and Bryconamericus ikaa) in subtropical headwater streams (three sites with two co-occurring species and three sites with only one species). We sampled fish in two contrasting seasons (winter/dry and summer/wet), and quantified their trophic niches using gut content analysis. Psalidodon bifasciatus was the only species distributed over all the sampled streams. We observed seasonal differences in population trophic niche breadth of P. bifasciatus just when this species co-occurred with P. aff. gymnodontus. These findings confirm the complex nature of the effects of interspecific competition, depending, for instance, on the identity of the competitor. The degree of individual specialization of P. bifasciatus was higher in the winter, and it was not influenced by the presence of another species. Conversely, the other two Psalidodon species studied presented greater individual specialization in the summer, when fish consumed a higher proportion of allochthonous items (terrestrial insects and seeds), and there were no effects only for B. ikaa. Herein, our results suggest that seasonality in food-resource availability is a major driver of niche variation and it has the potential to play an important role in how these similar tetra species interact and coexist.
Data from: Interspecific variation in conspecific negative density dependence can make species less likely to coexist
Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) is thought to promote plant species diversity. Theoretical studies showing the importance of CNDD often assumed that all species are equally susceptible to CNDD; however, recent empirical studies have shown species can differ greatly in their susceptibility to CNDD. Using a theoretical model, we show that interspecific variation in CNDD can dramatically alter its impact on diversity. First, if the most common species are the least regulated by CNDD, then the stabilising benefit of CNDD is reduced. Second, when seed dispersal is limited, seedlings that are susceptible to CNDD are at a competitive disadvantage. When parameterised with estimates of CNDD from a tropical tree community in Panama, our model suggests that the competitive inequalities caused by interspecific variation in CNDD may undermine many species' ability to persist. Thus, our model suggests that variable CNDD may make communities less stable, rather than more stable.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.