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FIGURE 6 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 6. Metacarpals (mtcp) and metatarsals (mtts) of Gulo gulo from Solna Jama Cave. From left to right: right mtcp III (JSJ/Gg/1-29), left mtcp V (JSJ/GG/1-31), left mtts II (JSJ/Gg/1-33), left mtts III (JSJ/Gg/1-34), left mtts IV (JSJ/Gg/1-35) and right mtts V (JSJ/Gg/1-36). Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 9. Right mandible of Mustela eversmanii (JSJ/Mev/1) from Solna Jama Cave. Note relatively short and robust body mandible and massiveness of the symphysal area. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 5. Gulo gulo cranium from Solna Jama Cave (JSJ/Gg/1-1) in ventral view (left) compared with a cranium from a large modern male from Scandinavia (right) from collection of Natural History Museum University of Wrocław (coll. no. M/500328). Note particularly powerful dentition of the individual from Solna Jama Cave in comparison with recent G. gulo. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 8. Occurrence of members of the genus Gulo in the late Quaternary of Poland (after Marciszak, 2012 and references therein). Red dot: Gulo schlosseri; black dot: G. gulo from late middle Pleistocene (3-5) and late Pleistocene-Holocene (3-12). Localities: 1, Żabia Cave; 2, Kozi Grzbiet; 3, Biśnik Cave; 4, Cave no. 4 on the Birów Hill; 5, Deszczowa Cave; 6, Nietoperzowa Cave, Ciemna Cave; 7, Mamutowa Cave; 8, Borsuka Cave; 9, Cave in Czarkowa; 10, Niedźwiedzia Cave; 11, Północna Duża Cave, Naciekowa Cave; and 12, Solna Jama Cave.

FIGURE 2 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 2. Environs of Solna Jama Cave entrance (1), showing the fissured crystalline limestones, in which the cave developed. The "Wolverine Niche" (2) and the corrosion, phreatic features of the cave passage (3). The "Wolverine Niche" is the place in the cave, where partially preserved skeleton of particularly large Gulo gulo was found (Photo by K. Stefaniak).

FIGURE 1 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 1. Location of Solna Jama Cave in Europe indicated by red star (1), in Poland marked by red square (2), in the environs of Gniewoszów village indicated by red star (3) and map of the site (4) after Pulina (1996) and Stefaniak et al. (2009).

FIGURE 3. Ursus arctos priscus m2 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 3. Ursus arctos priscus m2 (JSJ/Ua/1) from Solna Jama Cave in occlusal view. Note robust build and arctoid shape of tooth, with only slightly expanded, buccal margin of the talonid. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Paleoecology of the large carnivore guild from the late Pleistocene of Argentina

Fig. 6. Schematic representation of the "imbalance" hypothesis (A) and an alternative hypothesis (B).

Fig. 5 in Paleoecology of the large carnivore guild from the late Pleistocene of Argentina

Fig. 5. General trophic relationships between the Lujanian carnivores and their main prey grouped by size classes. Black arrows: frequent preys; Grey arrows: occasional preys. The reconstructions are not drawn to scale (see the text for body mass estimations). Upper section (from left to right): a giant armadillo (Pampatherium typum Ameghino, 1875), a deer [Morenelaphus lujanensis (Ameghino, 1888)]; a capybara [Neochoerus aesopi (Leidy, 1854)]; a horse [Hippidion principale (Lund, 1840)]; a guanaco (Lama guanicoe Müller, 1776); a mastodon [Stegomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888)]; a glyptodont [Panochthus tuberculatus (Owen, 1845)]; a litoptern (Macrauchenia patachonica Owen, 1838); a toxodont (Toxodon platensis Owen, 1837); and the giant ground sloth (Megatherium americanum Cuvier, 1796). Lower section (from left to right): short faced bears (Arctotherium bonariense (Gervais, 1852) and Arctotherium tarijense Ameghino, 1902); a large fox [Dusicyon avus (Burmeister, 1866)]; large conical toothed felid [Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) and Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771)]; a wolf [Canis nehringi (Ameghino, 1902)]; and a sabertoothed cat [Smilodon populator (Lund, 1842)].

Fig. 2 in Paleoecology of the large carnivore guild from the late Pleistocene of Argentina

Fig. 2. Frequencies of herbivore body mass (>10 kg) from the Lujanian of the Pampean Region (Argentina). A. Total sample. B. Herbivores with body mass between 10–1000 kg.

Fig. 1 in Paleoecology of the large carnivore guild from the late Pleistocene of Argentina

Fig. 1. Carnivore community structure of the Lujanian of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina (A), Pit 91 of Rancho La Brea, USA (B), and of three living faunas (Serengueti, Tanzania (C), Chitawan, Nepal (D), and Yellowstone, USA (E)), expressed in scatterplots of the carnivore body mass (kg) and maximum prey size (kg). This graphic was made with information from Schaller (1972), Ewer (1973), Van Valkenburgh (1985), Skinner and Smithers (1990), Nowak (1991), Silva and Downing (1995b), Van Valkenburgh and Hertel (1998), Sunquist and Sunquist (2002), Spencer et al. (2003), and Sillero Zubiri et al. (2004).

Fig. 4 in Paleoecology of the large carnivore guild from the late Pleistocene of Argentina

Fig. 4. Bivariate plot of log−transformed body size vs. population density for 12 species of African carnivores. Full lines: regression line (least squares adjustment) Dotted lines: 95% confidence intervals. pp: Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758); pl: Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758); ac: Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber, 1775); cr: Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777); fl: Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775; gs: Galerella sanguinea (Rüppell, 1836), ia: Ichneumia albicauda (Cuvier, 1829); ge: Genetta genetta (Linnaeus, 1758); cau: Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758; Canis adustus Sundevall, 1847; cm: Canis mesomelas Schreber, 1775; cs: Canis simensis Rüppell, 1840.

Figure 4 in The shape of the mandibular corpus in large fissiped carnivores: allometry, function and phylogeny

Figure 4. Box plot of Ln centroid size (A) and tan(a/2) (B) across families. Black string: median, grey box: first interquartile, bar: second interquartile. B, outlier 63 Speothos venaticus, 60 Pseudocyonopsis quercensis, circle below 60 Ictiocyon socialis.

Figure 1 in The shape of the mandibular corpus in large fissiped carnivores: allometry, function and phylogeny

Figure 1. The position of landmarks on a mandible outline of Canis lupus NHM 34.6.28.47. Scale bar: 1.0 cm.

Figure 3 in The shape of the mandibular corpus in large fissiped carnivores: allometry, function and phylogeny

Figure 3. Scatter plot of the first vs. the third relative warp. A polygon uniting all landmarks ordinally is superimposed on deformation grids. The orientation of grids and superimposed polygons is the same as in Figure 1.

Figure 5 in The shape of the mandibular corpus in large fissiped carnivores: allometry, function and phylogeny

Figure 5. Deformation grids of the predicted shape from the minimum (left), medium (centre) and maximum (right) value of lnCS (A) and tan(a/2) (B). Polygons and grids as in previous figures. A, the minimum ln CS is exhibited by Nyctereutes procyonoides (1.50), the medium value is for Canis etruscus (2.27) and the maximum value (2.98) is for Euramphicyon olisiponensis. B, the minimum tan(a/2) (0.18) is for Ursus spelaeus, the medium value 0.56 for Belbus beaumonti and the largest 1.01 for Megantereon cultridens.

Figure 2 in The shape of the mandibular corpus in large fissiped carnivores: allometry, function and phylogeny

Figure 2. Scatter plot of the first vs. the second relative warp. A polygon uniting all landmarks ordinally is superimposed on deformation grids. The orientation of grids and superimposed polygons is the same as in Figure 1.