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101 results for “levels of selection”
Measurements of natural radioactivity levels and associated radiation hazard indices in Moringa plant leaf samples from selected areas in southern Ethiopia.
<p>Moringa stenopetala (MS) is a multipurpose tree whose leaf is consumed by people of all ages in southern Ethiopia. In this study, natural radioactivity levels of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K, as well as the related dangerous radiological characteristics, were measured on different sites of moringa samples using high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. Average activity concentrations of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K in moringa leaves are found to be 0.49 ± 0.12, 3.84 ± 1.12, and 573.29 ± 26.79 Bq.kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Moreover, the average values of the corresponding radiological parameters, Ra<sub>eq</sub>, H<sub>int</sub>, and annual effective dose (E<sub>ave</sub>) (sum), were also found to be 50.13 ± 3.79 Bq.kg<sup>-1</sup>, 0.136 ± 0.010, and 0.238 ± 0.089 mSvy<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. When the obtained results for all of the samples were compared to globally accepted criteria, they were discovered to be lower than the allowable world average levels. Furthermore, the lifetime cancer risk was revealed to be far lower than the allowable limit. According to the study, the risk of absorbing natural radionuclides from moringa leaf ingestion is insignificant. The findings can be utilized to create radiation safety norms and regulations for the use of moringa leaves as food and medication.</p>
Switchgrass sward establishment selection is across multiple environments and fertilization levels
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Strong selection can occur during switchgrass sward establishment. Differences in establishment selection due to environment or management could provide information on genotype‐by‐environment variation and could influence strategies for breeding perennial grasses.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Leaf samples were collected before sward establishment and from 3‐year‐old swards for two breeding groups (lowland and hybrid) at three locations. Within two locations, samples were collected from paired fertilized (110 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> N) and unfertilized plots. Allele frequencies from pooled DNA samples were studied through multivariate analysis of variance, genomewide trait predictions (heading date and winter survivorship), and genomically estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for individual sward survival within an independent data set.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: This study found only minor variations in selection due to location or management. Predicted heading dates of the hybrid population had significant changes due to fertilization and location. There were strong correlations among sward establishment survival GEBVs between growing environments (hybrid r = 0.77; gulf r = 0.97). Interestingly, this study found a small number of genotypes that were over‐represented in established swards across all growing environments.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This study reinforces a prior report of selection during sward establishment and indicates that only a small degree of establishment selection is location‐specific within these diverse growing conditions.</p>
StreetScouting dataset: A Street-Level Image dataset for finetuning and applying custom object detectors for urban feature selection
<p>The dataset consists of two .zip files.</p> <p>The first .zip file named "annotated dataset" contains a folder named “annotated dataset" with annotated street images. It consists of the folder “images” that has 763 image files. The image format is PNG. 432 images have dimensions of 1080 x 2160 and 331 have dimensions of 866 x 2400. The filenames are random uuids. The “annotated dataset” folder also contains the annotations in the file “coco_annotations.json”. Annotations are provided in COCO format. Table 1 shows the total number of annotated objects per class.</p> <table align="center" summary="Total number of annotated objects per class"> <caption><em>Table 1. Total number of annotated objects per class</em></caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col"><strong><em>Class</em></strong></th> <th scope="col"><strong><em>Annotated Objects</em></strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><em>Tree</em></td> <td>1922</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>Waste Bin</em></td> <td><em>223</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>Recycling Bin</em></td> <td>181</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>Lighting Pole</em></td> <td><em>716</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>Shop Storefront</em></td> <td><em>628</em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The second .zip file is named "routes" and contains a folder named “routes” with consecutive frames of four different driving routes in the city of Thessaloniki and their corresponding GPS signal. So the folder “routes” contains 4 folders in the following format “VID_<YYYYMMDD>_<HHmmSS>” where Y denotes digits for year, M denotes digits for month, D denotes digits for day, H denotes digits for hour, m denotes digits for minutes and S denotes digits for seconds. Not the filename represents the start of the collection sequence. All street data was collected in 2022. Each route folder has the “images” folder which contains the consecutive street image data. Image data in this folder is in JPEG format. Each filename in ‘images’ has the frame_<id>.jpg format where id denotes the order of the frame. Table 2 shows more details regarding the number of frames and frame dimension of the driving routes.</p> <table align="center" summary="Total number of annotated objects per class"> <caption><em>Table 2. Total number frames and frame dimensions for each of the routes</em></caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col"><strong><em>Route Name</em></strong></th> <th scope="col"><strong><em>Frames Number</em></strong></th> <th scope="col"><strong><em>Frame Dimension</em></strong></th> <th scope="col"><strong><em>Route duration</em></strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><em>VID_20220617_111456</em></td> <td><em>41,650</em></td> <td><em>1080 x 2160</em></td> <td>1h, 9m, 26s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>VID_20220210_112926</em></td> <td><em>23.035</em></td> <td><em>866 x 2400</em></td> <td>38m, 26s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>VID_20220209_114831</em></td> <td><em>18.000</em></td> <td><em>1080 x 2160</em></td> <td>30m, 3s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>VID_20220209_123323</em></td> <td><em>18.273</em></td> <td><em>1080 x 2160</em></td> <td>30m, 30s</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Each route folder contains a “gps.json” file which contains latitude and longitude information for each frame. This file is essentially a JSON list of objects that each object contains the “frame_name” attribute and the corresponding “coordinates” object which contains the “latitude” and "longitude" attributes.</p>
Individual-plant selectivity by sheep in drylands scales-up at plant population level and controls the forage supply and its accessibility
<p>Diet selectivity by domestic herbivores controls plant community structure and dynamics and may induce rangeland degradation, particularly in drylands. However, management decisions frequently ignore herbivore selectivity. Here, we studied how grass morphology controls sheep selectivity for individual plants, and how this selectivity interacts with grazing intensity to determine population plant-size distributions and the forage supply. In Patagonian steppes, we manipulated the plant morphology (size and standing-dead proportion) of three dominant grass species differentially preferred by sheep for four years. Then, we evaluated how these morphological alterations affected intra- and inter-specific preference patterns. We also evaluated how grazing intensity (ungrazed, moderate grazing, and intensive grazing) affected the plant-size distribution of the three species, the forage supply, and its accessibility. For the highly preferred species, herbivores selected plants that were either naturally or experimentally short, with low proportion of standing-dead biomass. In contrast, morphological changes did not alter the within-species selectivity of the least preferred species. Grazing intensity strongly changed the population plant-size distribution of preferred species in ways that resembled the experimental manipulations of morphology. Moderate grazing showed the greatest morphological heterogeneity among individuals. When integrating the green biomass of forage species' individuals at ecosystem level, we found that the forage supply was the highest in ungrazed sites and decreased as grazing intensity increased. However, considering the dissuading effect of the standing-dead proportion of plants, the accessible forage was the highest under moderate grazing.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Our findings (i) showed that, within preferred species, sheep selectivity at individual-plant level is controlled by morphological characteristics that determine accessibility to green high-quality biomass. This effect was as important as that of species identity; (ii) empirically proved plant-animal positive feedback at individual level; and (iii) revealed how the individual-plant selectivity scales-up at population level and controls the forage supply, but also its accessibility. Our complementary approach generates critical knowledge for developing management practices to control key forage species defoliation and to adjust the grazing pressure to the offer of accessible forage, avoiding the common carrying capacity overestimation. These aspects are essential for sustainable production in grazed drylands.</p>
Individual-plant selectivity by sheep in drylands scales-up at plant population level and controls the forage supply and its accessibility
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Multi-level in vivo selection of the biocontrol agent Akanthomyces muscarius, virulence, growth, sporulation, and variant data
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Data from: Müllerian mimicry of a quantitative trait despite contrasting levels of genomic divergence and selection
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Switchgrass sward establishment selection is across multiple environments and fertilization levels
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Habitat complexity dampens selection on prey activity level
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Prevalence and individual level enablers and barriers for COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adult tuberculosis patients attending selected clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya
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Spatial connectedness imposes local- and metapopulation-level selection on life history through feedbacks on demography
<p>Dispersal evolution impacts the fluxes of individuals and hence, connectivity in metapopulations. Connectivity is therefore decoupled from the structural connectedness of the patches within the spatial network. Because of demographic feedbacks, local selection also drives the evolution of other life history traits.</p> <p>We investigated how different levels of connectedness affect trait evolution in experimental metapopulations of the two-spotted spider mite<i>. </i>We separated local- and metapopulation-level selection and linked trait divergence to population dynamics.</p>
Data from: Macroevolutionary patterning in glucocorticoids suggests different selective pressures shape baseline and stress-induced levels
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are important phenotypic mediators across vertebrates, but their circulating concentrations can vary markedly. Here we investigate macroevolutionary patterning in GC levels across tetrapods by testing seven specific hypotheses about GC variation, and evaluating whether the supported hypotheses reveal consistent patterns in GC evolution. If selection generally favors the "supportive" role of GCs in responding effectively to challenges, then baseline and/or stress-induced GCs may be higher in challenging contexts. Alternatively, if selection generally favors "protection" from GC-induced costs, GCs may be lower in environments where challenges are more common or severe. The predictors of baseline GCs were all consistent with supportive effects: levels were higher in smaller organisms, and in those inhabiting more energetically demanding environments. During breeding, baseline GCs were also higher in populations and species with fewer lifetime opportunities to reproduce. The predictors of stress-induced GCs were instead more consistent with the protection hypothesis: during breeding, levels were lower in organisms with fewer lifetime reproductive opportunities. Overall, these patterns indicate a surprising degree of consistency in how some selective pressures shape GCs across broad taxonomic scales; at the same time, in challenging environments selection appears to operate on baseline and stress-induced GCs in distinct ways.
Data from: Stress coping and evolution of aerobic exercise performance: corticosterone levels in voles from a selection experiment
The locomotor performance achieved in a challenging situation depends not only on physiological limitations, such as the aerobic exercise capacity, but also on behavioral characteristics, such as adequate stress coping. The stress response is mediated largely by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, through modulated release of glucocorticoids. We used a unique experimental evolution model system to test a hypothesis that evolution of an increased aerobic exercise performance can be facilitated by modification of the glucocorticoid-related stress coping mechanisms. Bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from "aerobic" (A) lines, selected for 22 generations for high maximum swim-induced rate of oxygen consumption (VO2swim), achieved a 64% higher VO2swim than those from unselected, control (C) lines. The temporal pattern of exercise during the swimming trial also evolved, and the A-line voles achieved VO2swim later in the course of the trial, which indicates a modification in the stress response characteristics. Both VO2swim and the average metabolic rate measured during the trial tended to increase with baseline corticosterone level, and decreased with the post-exercise level. Thus, increased baseline corticosterone level promotes high metabolic performance, but a high corticosterone response to swimming acts as an inhibitor rather than stimulator of intense activity. However, neither of the corticosterone traits differed between the A-selected and control lines. Thus, the experiment did not provide evidence that evolution of increased aerobic performance is facilitated by modification of the glucocorticoid levels. The results, however, do not exclude a possibility that other aspects of the HPA axis function evolved in response to the selection.
Data from: Evolutionary impact of size-selective harvesting on shoaling behavior: Individual-level mechanisms and possible consequences for natural and fishing mortality
<p>Intensive and size-selective harvesting is an evolutionary driver of life-history as well as individual behavioral traits. Yet, whether and to what degree harvesting modifies the collective behavior of exploited species is largely unknown. We present a multi-generation harvest selection experiment with zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio)</em> as a model species to understand the effects of size-selective harvesting on shoaling behavior. The experimental system is based on a large-harvested (typical of most wild capture fisheries targeting larger size classes) and small-harvested (typical of specialized fisheries and gape-limited predators targeting smaller size classes) selection lines. By combining high resolution tracking of fish behavior with computational agent-based modeling we show that shoal cohesion changed in the direction expected by a trade-off between individual vigilance and the use of social cues. In particular, we document a decrease of individual vigilance in the small-harvested line, which was linked to an increase in the attention to social cues, favoring more cohesive shoals. Opposing outcomes were found for the large-harvested line, which formed less cohesive shoals. Using the agent-based model we outline possible consequences of changes in shoaling behavior for both fishing and natural mortality. The changes in shoaling induced by large size-selective harvesting may decrease fishing mortality, but increase mortality by natural predators. Our work suggests an insofar overlooked evolutionary mechanism by which size-selective harvesting can affect fishing and natural mortality of exploited fish.</p>
Experimental evolution reveals differential evolutionary trajectories in male and female activity levels in response to sexual selection and metapopulation structure
<p>Behavior is central to interactions with the environment and thus has significant consequences for individual fitness. Sexual selection and demographic processes have been shown to independently shape behavioral evolution. However, while some studies have tested the simultaneous effects of these forces, no studies have investigated their interplay in behavioral evolution. We applied experimental evolution in the seed beetle <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> to investigate, for the first time, the interactive effects of sexual selection intensity (high (polygamy) vs. minimal (enforced monogamy)) and metapopulation structure (yes/no) on the evolution of movement activity, a crucial behavior involved in multiples functions (e.g., dispersal, predator avoidance or resource acquisition) and thus, closely related to <a>fitne</a>ss. We found that the interactive effects of the selection regimes did not affect individual activity, which was assayed under two different environments (absence vs. presence of conspecific cues from both sexes). However, contrasting selection regimes led to sex- and context-dependent divergence in activity. The relaxation of sexual selection favored an increase in female, but not male, movement activity that was consistent between environmental contexts. In contrast, selection associated with the presence/absence of metapopulation structure led to context-dependent responses only in male activity. In environments containing cues from conspecifics, males from selection lines under population subdivision showed increased levels of activity compared to those assayed in an environment devoid of conspecifics cues, while the opposite was true for males from panmictic lines. These results underscore that both the effects of sexual selection and population spatial structure may be crucial in shaping sex-specific behavioral evolution.</p>
Comparative lexicon in Milang, Kera'a, Tawrã and Proto-Tani, with selected PTB or meso-level comparative reconstructions
<p>This data table forms the Appendix to Modi, Yankee (under review 2022). 'A branch through the fog: Milang, Tawrã and Kera’a.' This description will be updated after hopeful publication.</p>
Selection and evolution at the community level using common garden data
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk79260774"></a>A key issue in evolutionary biology is whether selection acting at levels higher than the individual can cause evolutionary change. If it can, then conceptual and empirical studies must consider how selection operates at multiple levels of biological organization. <a name="_Hlk79260821"></a>Here, we test the hypothesis that estimates of broad-sense community heritability, <em>H</em><sup>2</sup><sub>C</sub>, can be used to predict the evolutionary response by community-level phenotypes when community-level selection is imposed. <a name="_Hlk79260873"></a>Using an approach informed by classic quantitative genetics, we made three predictions. First, when we imposed community-level selection, we expected a significant change in the average phenotype of arthropod communities associated with individual tree genotypes [we imposed selection by favoring high and low NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) scores that reflected differences in arthropod species richness, abundance and composition]. Second, we expected <em>H</em><sup>2</sup><sub>C</sub> to predict the magnitude of the community-level response. Third, we expected no significant change in average NMDS scores with community-level selection imposed at random. We tested these hypotheses using three years of common garden data for 102 species comprising the arthropod communities, associated with nine clonally replicated <em>Populus angustifolia </em>genotypes. Each of our predictions were met. We conclude that estimates of <em>H</em><sup>2</sup><sub>C</sub> account for the resemblance among communities sharing common ancestry, the persistence of community composition over time, and the outcome of selection when it occurs at the community level. Our results provide a means for exploring how this process leads to large-scale community evolutionary change, and they identify the circumstances in which selection may routinely act at the community level.</p>
Comparison of Blood Levels of Two Formulations of the Selective Hormone Receptor Modulator CDB-2914
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00041899. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Selective Head-and-neck Cooling on Biomarker Levels and Symptom Rating Following a Boxing Bout
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06386484. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Randomized, Multicenter, 2-Dose Level. Open-Label, Phase IIa Study With the Intraperitoneally Infused Trifunctional Bispecific Antibody Removab(TM) (Anti-EpCAM x Anti-CD3) to Select the Better Dose Le
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00189345. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.