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115 results for “limiting factors”
Data from: Limits on information transduction through amplitude and frequency regulation of transcription factor activity
Signaling pathways often transmit multiple signals through a single shared transcription factor (TF) and encode signal information by differentially regulating TF dynamics. However, signal information will be lost unless it can be reliably decoded by downstream genes. To understand the limits on dynamic information transduction, we apply information theory to quantify how much gene expression information the yeast TF Msn2 can transduce to target genes in the amplitude or frequency of its activation dynamics. We find that although the amount of information transmitted by Msn2 to single target genes is limited, information transduction can be increased by modulating promoter cis-elements or by integrating information from multiple genes. By correcting for extrinsic noise, we estimate an upper bound on information transduction. Overall, we find that information transduction through amplitude and frequency regulation of Msn2 is limited to error-free transduction of signal identity, but not signal intensity information.
Defaunated and invaded insular tropical rainforests will not recover alone: recruitment limitation factors disentangled by hierarchical models of spontaneous and assisted regeneration
<ol> <li>Most tropical forests are now severely degraded and their ability to recover is highly dependent on frugivores which ensure seed dispersal for most woody plants. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises major concerns about tropical forest succession, but few field studies have been conducted to disentangle recruitment limitations during disrupted succession.</li> <li>This study took place on Réunion (Mascarenes) where all large native frugivores have been extinct since human colonisation in 1665 and where multiple invasions threaten native ecosystems. We set up 20 experimental blocks on a lava flow dated back to 1800, in plant-impoverished post-defaunation vegetation bordered by old-growth forests. We assessed fecundity, seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of the complete fleshy-fruited plant community and used Bayesian analyses to disentangle the impact of multiple factors on these key processes. In the same blocks, we sowed four native trees assumed to be disperserless to test their capacity to establish, controlling for two additional post-dispersal limitations (seed predation and competition with invasive plants).</li> <li>On the flow, small-seeded native plants were fairly dispersed but did not recruit, probably due to strong competition with invasive plants; the few native species that recruited somehow were mostly medium-seeded plants that were still dispersed; large-seeded plants were absent from seed rain (which shows that invasive frugivores did not replace extinct ones) and subsequently from spontaneous recruitment. Instead, some alien plants, notably the tiny-seeded highly-dispersed <em>Clidemia hirta</em> and the medium-seeded <em>Psidium cattleianum</em> largely dominated seedling recruitment. Native plants recruited better at the forest margin, including some large-seeded species nearby mother trees.</li> <li>Sown large-seeded species were able to emerge and survive in all plots whatever the treatment, which demonstrates that dispersal loss was the primary cause of regeneration failure on the flow. </li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em><strong>.</strong> The strong modulation of the establishment capacity of native plants by seed mass shows that invasive plants win by forfeit of large-seeded plants after native frugivores loss. Our study emphasises the fundamental role of dispersal loss and competition with invasive plants in the disruption of ecological succession, as well as the urgency of restoring seed dispersal and strengthening biosecurity regulations.</li> </ol>
Fig. 3 in Comparing Realized and Potential Distributions of the Species of Taurocerastinae (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Examine the Relevance of Dispersal Limitations and Contemporary Environmental Factors
Fig. 3. Predicted potential distributions (red areas) when the conditions of the modeled environmental predictors are extrapolated to a global extent. A) Frickius variolosus, B) Taurocerastes patagonicus.
Fig. 1. Taurocerastinae.A in Comparing Realized and Potential Distributions of the Species of Taurocerastinae (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Examine the Relevance of Dispersal Limitations and Contemporary Environmental Factors
Fig. 1. Taurocerastinae.A) Male Frickius costulatus, B) Male F. variolosus, C) Pair of Taurocerastes patagonicus. Photo A by Guillermo Moreno (used with permission); photos B and C by Mauricio GonzÁlez-Chang.
Fig. 2. A in Comparing Realized and Potential Distributions of the Species of Taurocerastinae (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Examine the Relevance of Dispersal Limitations and Contemporary Environmental Factors
Fig. 2. A) Map showing the geographic occurrences of Frickius costulatus (two green points), F. variolosus (43 red points), and Taurocerastes patagonicus (37 blue points), B) Predicted distributional ranges for the three species, with the green area corresponding to the shared distributional range between the two Frickius species and the yellow area corresponding to the shared distributional area between F. variolosus and T. patagonicus.
Data from: Manipulation of habitat isolation and area implicates deterministic factors and limited neutrality in community assembly
Theory predicts deterministic and stochastic factors will contribute to community assembly in different ways: environmental filters should regulate those species that establish in a particular area resulting in the ecological requirements of species being the primary driver of species distributions, while chance and dispersal limitation should dictate the likelihood of species reaching certain areas with the ecology of species being largely neutral. These factors are specifically relevant for understanding how the area and isolation of different habitats or islands interact to affect community composition. Our review of the literature found few experimental studies have examined the interactive effect of habitat area and isolation on community assembly, and the results of those experiments have been mixed. We manipulated the area and isolation of rock 'islands' created de novo in a grassland matrix to experimentally test how deterministic and stochastic factors shape colonizing animal communities. Over 64 weeks, the experiment revealed the primacy of deterministic factors in community assembly, with habitat islands of the same size exhibiting remarkable consistency in community composition and diversity, irrespective of isolation. Nevertheless, tangible differences still existed in abundance inequality among taxa: large, near islands had consistently higher numbers of common taxa compared to all other island types. Dispersal limitation is often assumed to be negligible at small spatial scales, but our data shows this not to be the case. Furthermore, the dispersal limitation of a subset of species has potentially complex flow-on effects for dictating the type of deterministic factors affecting other colonising species.
Data from: Limited gene dispersal and spatial genetic structure as stabilizing factors in an ant-plant mutualism
Comparative studies of the population genetics of closely associated species are necessary to properly understand the evolution of these relationships because gene flow between populations affects the partners' evolutionary potential at the local scale. As a consequence (at least for antagonistic interactions), asymmetries in the strength of the genetic structures of the partner populations can result in one partner having a co-evolutionary advantage. Here, we assess the population genetic structure of partners engaged in a species-specific and obligatory mutualism: the Neotropical ant-plant, Hirtella physophora, and its ant associate, Allomerus decemarticulatus. Although the ant cannot complete its life cycle elsewhere than on H. physophora and the plant cannot live for long without the protection provided by A. decemarticulatus, these species also have antagonistic interactions: the ants have been shown to benefit from castrating their host plant and the plant is able to retaliate against too virulent ant colonies. We found similar short dispersal distances for both partners, resulting in the local transmission of the association and, thus, inbred populations in which too virulent castrating ants face the risk of local extinction due to the absence of H. physophora offspring. On the other hand, we show that the plant populations probably experienced greater gene flow than did the ant populations, thus enhancing the evolutionary potential of the plants. We conclude that such levels of spatial structure in the partners' populations can increase the stability of the mutualistic relationship. Indeed, the local transmission of the association enables partial alignments of the partners' interests, and population connectivity allows the plant retaliation mechanisms to be locally adapted to the castration behaviour of their symbionts.
Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure in a wild bird population: the role of limited dispersal and environmentally-based selection as causal factors
Individuals are typically not randomly distributed in space; consequently ecological and evolutionary theory depends heavily on understanding the spatial structure of populations. The central challenge of landscape genetics is therefore to link spatial heterogeneity of environments to population genetic structure. Here, we employ multivariate spatial analyses to identify environmentally induced genetic structures in a single breeding population of 1174 great tits Parus major genotyped at 4701 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Despite the small spatial scale of the study relative to natal dispersal we found multiple axes of genetic structure. We built distance-based Moran's eigenvector maps to identify axes of pure spatial variation, which we used for spatial correction of regressions between SNPs and various external traits known to be related to fitness components (avian malaria infection risk, local density of conspecifics, oak tree density and altitude). We found clear evidence of fine-scale genetic structure, with 21, 7 and 9 significant SNPs respectively associated with infection risk by two species of avian malaria (Plasmodium circumflexum and P. relictum) and local conspecific density. Such fine-scale genetic structure relative to dispersal capabilities suggests ecological and evolutionary mechanisms maintain within-population genetic diversity in this population with the potential to drive micro-evolutionary change.
Figure 7 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 7. The hierarchical factor analysis of the monthly mean temperature values (°C), the maximum of the monthly mean temperature values (°C), the minimum of the monthly minimum temperature values (°C), the maximum of the monthly minimum temperature values (°C), the minimum of the monthly precipitation values (mm) and the maximum of the monthly precipitation values (mm) limits of the eight studied Phlebotomus species.
Figure 2 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 2. Jaccard indices of countrywide sand fly diversities according to the Italy focus, based on the eight involved Phlebotomus species.
Figure 6 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 6. The principal component analysis result of the eight studied Phlebotomus species according to the maximum monthly precipitation value limits of the species.
Figure 10 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 10. The aggregated distribution of the species of the 'West-Mediterranean group' (absence: empty, presence: red fields; NUTS 3 regions).
Figure 9 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 9. The aggregated distribution of the species of the 'East-Mediterranean group' (absence: empty, presence: red fields; NUTS 3 regions).
Figure 1 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 1. Jaccard indices of countrywide sand fly diversities according to the Portugal focus, based on the eight involved Phlebotomus species.
Figure 8 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 8. The aggregated distribution of the species of the 'Trans-Mediterranean group' (absence: empty, presence: red fields; NUTS 3 regions).
Figure 4 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 4. The hierarchical cluster analysis result of the eight studied Phlebotomus species according to their presence/absence status in the studied countries (CH, Switzerland; D, Germany; I, Italy; P, Portugal; E, Spain; F, France; TR, Turkey; CY, Cyprus; BG, Bulgaria; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina; AL, Albania; MNE, Montenegro; GR, Greece; RO, Romania; KOS, Kosovo; HR, Croatia; SRB, Serbia; MD, Moldova; H, Hungary; MK, Macedonia.
Figure 3 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 3. Jaccard indices of countrywide sand fly diversities according to the Greece focus, based on the eight involved Phlebotomus species.
Figure 11 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 11. The geographical and climatic reconstruction maps for the European Early Late and Middle Miocene era with the mean annual temperature values according to the Neogene Climate Evolution in Eurasia model, based on the findings of Bruch et al. (2007). The yellow dashed line shows the climate border in the region of the Paratethys Sea.
Factors limiting plant recruitment in a Tropical Afromontane Forest
<p><span>Predicting how forest species composition may change in response to global change is essential for meaningful management. Which species are most likely to successfully recruit depends on a multitude of factors, but processes operating at the seed-to-seedling transition being especially important. Here we explore how insufficient seed dispersal (dispersal limitation) and ecological filtering of seedlings (establishment limitation) influence species recruitment in an Afromontane Forest. We combined census data from seeds in seed traps and seed-seedling transition plots in a Nigerian montane forest to measure dispersal and establishment limitation across species, life history strategies and seed sizes. From 106 seed traps and 318 seedling plots we recorded 11,278 seeds from 38 species and 2,688 seedlings of 61 species. All species except for one liana showed strong dispersal limitation while 23 out of the 30 species showed establishment limitation. The two lianas sampled had significantly lower dispersal limitation compared to the trees investigated in the study. Our results suggest that both dispersal and establishment limitation are markedly high in this Afromontane forest than would be expected in a lowland counterpart. </span></p>
Environment as a limiting factor of the historical global spread of mungbean
<p>While the domestication process has been investigated in many crops, the detailed route of cultivation range expansion and factors governing this process received relatively little attention. Here using mungbean (<em>Vigna</em> <em>radiata</em> var. <em>radiata</em>) as a test case, we investigated the genomes of more than one thousand accessions to illustrate climatic adaptation's role in dictating the unique routes of cultivation range expansion. Despite the geographical proximity between South and Central Asia, genetic evidence suggests mungbean cultivation first spread from South Asia to Southeast, East, and finally reached Central Asia. Combining evidence from demographic inference, climatic niche modeling, plant morphology, and records from ancient Chinese sources, we showed that the specific route was shaped by the unique combinations of climatic constraints and farmer practices across Asia, which imposed divergent selection favoring higher yield in the south but short-season and more drought-tolerant accessions in the north. Our results suggest that mungbean did not radiate from the domestication center as expected purely under human activity, but instead, the spread of mungbean cultivation is highly constrained by climatic adaptation, echoing the idea that human commensals are more difficult to spread through the south-north axis of continents.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.