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66 results for “local density”
Tables and Appendix indicate population density and distribution of Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in different localities of AJ&K
<p><strong>Table 5 </strong>Population density (per sq. km.) of Cheer Pheasant <em>(Catreus wallichii) </em>in different localities of AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Table 6 </strong>Population density (per sq. km.) of Cheer Pheasant <em>(Catreus wallichii) </em>in different sub-localities of AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Table 7 </strong>Population density (per sq. km.) of Cheer Pheasant <em>(Catreus wallichii) </em>across the months in AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-I </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichi</em>) in Jhelum Velley, AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-II </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichii</em>) at Machiara National Park, Muzaffarabad AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-III </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichii</em>) at Phalla Game Reserve, Haveli, AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-IV </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichii</em>) at Nar Sher Ali Khan, Bagh, Azad Jammu & Kashmir.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data for "Negative density dependence promotes persistence of a globally rare yet locally abundant plant species (Oenoethera coloradensis)"
<p>This dataset was used to perform the analyses in the manuscript "Negative density dependence promotes persistence of a globally rare yet locally abundant plant species (Oenoethera coloradensis)"</p>
Counterintuitive scaling between population abundance and local density: implications for modelling transmission of infectious diseases in bat populations
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Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure in the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea is not associated with local density of flowering plants
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Local male breeding density affects extra‐pair paternity in a south temperate population of grass wrens Cistothorus platensis
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The interplay between local and landscape scales on the density of pond-dwelling anurans in subtropical grasslands
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Models to assess ability to achieve localized areas of reduced white-tailed deer density
<p>Localized management of white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) involves the removal of matriarchal family units with the intent to create areas of reduced deer density. However, application of this approach has not always been successful, possibly because of female dispersal and high deer densities. We developed a spatially explicit, agent-based model to investigate the intensity of deer removal required to locally reduce deer density depending on the surrounding deer density, dispersal behavior, and size and shape of the area of localized reduction. Application of this model is illustrated using the example of abundant deer populations in Pennsylvania, USA. Most scenarios required at least 5 years before substantial deer density reductions occurred. Our model indicated that a localized reduction was successful for scenarios in which the surrounding deer density was lowest (30 deer/mi²), localized antlerless harvest rates were <i>≥</i> 30%, and the removal area was 5 mi² or larger. When the size of the removal area was < 5 mi<sup>2</sup>, end population density was highly variable and, in some scenarios, exceeded the initial density. The shape of the area of localized reduction had less influence on the ability to reduce deer density than the size. There were no differences in mean deer density in the same size circle or square removal areas. Similarly, increasing the ratio of sides (length : width) in rectangular removal areas had little influence on the ability to locally reduce deer densities. Situations in which deer density was higher (40 or 50 deer/mi<sup>2</sup>) required antlerless removal rates to exceed 30% and took more than 5 years to considerably reduce density in the localized area regardless of its size. These results indicate that the size of the area of reduction, surrounding deer density, and antlerless harvest rate are the most influential factors in locally reducing deer density. Therefore, localized management likely can be an effective strategy for lower density herds, especially in larger removal areas. For high density herds, the success of this strategy would depend most on the ability of resource managers to achieve consistently high antlerless harvest rates.</p>
Data from: Local population density and group composition influence signal-preference relationships in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
Many animals exhibit social plasticity—changes in phenotype or behavior in response to experience with conspecifics—that change how evolutionary processes like sexual selection play out. Here, we asked whether social plasticity arising from variation in local population density in male advertisement signals and female mate preferences influences the form of sexual selection. We manipulated local density and determined whether this changed how the distribution of male signals overlapped with female preferences—i.e., the signal-mate preference relationship. We specifically look at the shape of female mate preference functions, which, when compared to signal distributions, provide hypotheses about the form of sexual selection. We used Enchenopa binotata treehoppers, a group of plant feeding insects that exhibit natural variation in local densities across individual host plants, populations, species, and years. We measured male signal frequency and female preference functions across the density treatments. We found that male signals varied across local social groups, but not according to local density. By contrast, female preferences varied with local density—favoring higher signal frequencies in denser environments. Thus, local density changes the signal-preference relationship and, consequently, the expected form of sexual selection. We found no influence of sex ratio on the signal-preference relationship. Our findings suggest that plasticity arising from variation in local group density and composition can alter the form of sexual selection with potentially important consequences both for the maintenance of variation and for speciation.
Data from: Tick infestation of chicks in a seabird colony varies with local breeding synchrony, local nest density and habitat structure
Parasites are a major risk for group-living animals and seabirds are notoriously susceptible to ectoparasite infestations because they commonly nest in dense colonies. Ticks parasitize seabirds across all biogeographical regions and they can be particularly harmful to nestlings, but the ecological factors that affect their transmission to chicks are little studied and poorly understood. Here we show that abundance of tick larvae in blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) broods varies with local nest synchrony and density, and also with habitat structure: abundance increased with local breeding synchrony, was linearly and quadratically related to local nest density, and was highest toward the southern end of the study area which has suitable (boulder-rich) habitat for ticks. Also, with increasing chick age infestation first increased and then declined. The results of this study highlight how local physical and social environmental factors influence infestation of seabird nestlings by ticks.
Data from: Linking habitat composition, local population densities and traffic characteristics to spatial patterns of ungulate-train collisions
1. Total length of railways worldwide exceeds 1 million kilometres and recent railway development directly impacts wildlife because of animal-train collisions. Few studies, however, have analysed factors driving ungulate-train collisions. 2. We analysed over 3500 ungulate-train collisions including roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and moose collected in 2012-2015 in Poland. We compared train traffic characteristics (e.g. traffic intensity, speed, rail curvature), land-use and habitat characteristics (e.g. share of forests and build-up areas) and local ungulate population densities at collision sites and random sites distributed along the rail network. 3. Forest coverage generally increased, while urban areas decreased ungulate collision risk. Local density of ungulate species was strongly positively related to the relative collision risk in all four ungulate species, but above certain densities, the risk levelled off for all four species. 4. Train speed and train traffic intensity were positively associated with elevated collision risk in all four species, but the latter in a non-linear manner reached an asymptote at the level of ca. 10 trains per day. Rail curvature also increased probability of collisions with roe deer and red deer and possibly also wild boar. 5. Mortality rate of ungulates on railways in Poland is estimated to be 0.13-0.42% of annual hunting bags of studied species assuming that only one individual is killed at each occasion and ignoring undetected collisions. These values are expected to increase in near future due to increasing train speed in Central European countries. 6. Synthesis and applications. Ungulate-train collisions spots are characterised by surrounding forest, rail curvature, high train speed, and a moderate to high train traffic intensity. To reduce collision risk in a cost-effective way, we suggest to prioritise mitigation actions at sections of the railway characterized by those factors, e.g. by fencing and various warning devices. Due to nonlinear correlation between collision risk and population density, reducing density of ungulates will most likely reduce collision risk only marginally, and only in regions of low population densities where collision risk is relatively low anyway.
Dataset for: Effects of local open raceme density, patch size, and distance between patches on pollinator behavior responding to floral display size in Salvia nipponica
<p>Flowers cluster at various spatial scales, so pollinators use information from multiple scales when foraging in natural plant populations. Little is known about the effects of interactions between scales or their relative strength. We examined bumblebee foraging behaviour in a natural population of <em>Salvia</em> <em>nipponica</em> in 10 and 7 patches in 2019 and 2020, respectively. We recorded within-patch factors (display size of racemes and local open raceme densities) and patch-level factors (patch size and distance from the nearest patch) and analysed their relationships with pollinator behaviour. The numbers of visits per raceme and flower were mainly affected by the interaction of patch size and raceme density; they were higher in locations with lower raceme density in larger patches. The ratio of flowers visited to all open flowers in a raceme during a raceme visit, which relates to a bumblebee's choice to leave a raceme, was mainly affected by the interaction of display size and local open raceme density; in 2019, it was higher in racemes with smaller display sizes, while in 2020 the strength and direction of the relationship depended on the open raceme density. These results suggest that pollinators relied on the sizes of flower clusters at different spatial scales when visiting and leaving racemes and adjusted their responses to the sizes of flower clusters depending on the distances between clusters. Therefore, it is important to evaluate factors at various spatial scales and their interactions to fully understand pollinator behaviour in natural plant populations.</p>
Local structure and density of liquid Fe-C-S alloys at Moon's core conditions
<p>This file includes the raw CAESAR and absorption data measured in each P-T condition and the Python codes for diffraction and absorption data analysis.</p> <p>Matlab codes for P-T calibration are also enclosed.</p>
Research data for: "Band Structure Interpolation using Optimized Local Orbitals from Linear-Scaling Density-Functional Theory"
<p>This file was created by Laura E. Ratcliff on 23rd March 2018. It contains the input files employed for the ONETEP and CASTEP calculations in the above publication.</p> <p>Directory Listing:</p> <p>castep/</p> <p>Contains the input files used to generate the CASTEP reference data.</p> <p>onetep/</p> <p>Contains the input files used to generate all of the ONETEP data, where filenames are labelled with the number of repeat CNT units, val (cond) indicates a valence (conduction) calculation and the suffixes follow a similar labelling convention to that employed in the manuscript.</p>
Processed data of "Observations of Ring Current Proton Fast Local Loss Associated with Deepening Local Minimum in Phase Space Density in Earth's Inner Magnetosphere"
<p>The dataset includs the processed observation data of "Observations of Ring Current Proton Fast Local Loss Associated with Deepening Local Minimum in Phase Space Density in Earth’s Inner Magnetosphere". *.sav files are the phase space densities of protons and the corresponding adiabatic invariants (μ, K, and L*) which are calculated under the T89D magnetic field model (using the observation data measured by the RBSPICE on the Van Allen Probes from 24th to 26th Jun 2017), which are used to plot Figure 1. The data in Processed data for Figures 2-5.zip are the processed data for Figures 2-5. </p>
Data from: Effects of gene action, marker density, and time since selection on the performance of landscape genomic scans of local adaptation
Genomic "scans" to identify loci that contribute to local adaptation are becoming increasingly common. Many methods used for such studies have assumed that local adaptation is created by loci experiencing antagonistic pleiotropy and that the selected locus itself is assayed, and few consider how signals of selection change through time. However, most empirical data sets have marker density too low to assume that a selected locus itself is assayed, researchers seldom know when selection was first imposed, and many locally adapted loci likely experience not antagonistic pleiotropy but conditional neutrality. We simulated data to evaluate how these factors affect the performance of tests for genotype-environment association. We found that three types of regression-based analyses (linear models, mixed linear models, and latent factor mixed models) and an implementation of BayEnv all performed well, with high rates of true positives and low rates of false positives, when the selected locus experienced antagonistic pleiotropy, and when the selected locus was assayed directly. However, all tests had reduced power to detect loci experiencing conditional neutrality, and the probability of detecting associations was sharply reduced when physically linked rather than causative loci were sampled. Antagonistic pleiotropy also maintained detectable genotype-environment associations much longer than conditional neutrality. Our analyses suggest that if local adaptation is often driven by loci experiencing conditional neutrality, genome-scan methods will have limited capacity to find loci responsible for local adaptation.
Influence of local density and sex ratio on pollination in an ambophilous flowering plant
<p class="MSbody"><span><b>PREMISE OF THE STUDY:</b> Variation in local density and sex ratio in dioecious plants can affect mating success through the actions of pollen vectors, principally generalist insects or wind. Increased density and male-biased sex ratios should promote pollen transfer and seed production, but their combined effects have not been investigated for ambophilous species, which exhibit both insect and wind pollination. </span></p> <p class="MSbody"><span><b>METHODS: </b>We manipulated density (low vs. high) and sex ratio (1:1 vs. 3:1 male-biased) in arrays of dioecious ambophilous <i>Thalictrum pubescens</i>. We quantified visitation rates and foraging time to examine whether pollinators exhibited sex-specific preferences and determined the seed set of arrays.<b> </b></span></p> <p class="MSbody"><b>KEY RESULTS:</b> Pollinators visited more plants per foraging bout at high than low density. Visitation rates and foraging times of visitors were greater for male than female plants but did not depend on the density or sex ratio of arrays. However, whereas solitary bees displayed a strong preference for males, hover flies were indifferent to plant sex phenotype. Solitary bees also visited significantly more plants per foraging bout than hover flies. There was a significant interaction between density and sex ratio on seed set. At low density, seed set was greater for 1:1 than 3:1 arrays, but at high density the opposite pattern occurred. </p> <p class="MSbody"><b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>The demographic factors we investigated had complex influences on pollinator foraging behavior and patterns of seed set. Several factors may explain our results including the influence of density and sex ratio on pollen export from arrays, grooming by pollinators and the contribution of wind pollination.</p>
Interactions with soil fungi alter density-dependence and neighborhood effects in a locally abundant dipterocarp species
<p>Seedling recruitment can be strongly affected by the composition of nearby plant species. At the neighborhood scale (on the order of tens of meters), adult conspecifics can modify soil chemistry and presence of host microbes (pathogens and mutualists) across their combined canopy area or rooting zones. At local or small spatial scales (on the order of one to few meters), conspecific seed or seedling density can influence the strength of intraspecific light and resource competition and also modify the density-dependent spread of natural enemies such as pathogens or invertebrate predators. Intrinsic correlation between proximity to adult conspecifics (i.e. recruitment neighborhood) and local seedling density, arising from dispersal, make it difficult to separate the independent and interactive factors that contribute to recruitment success. </p> <p>Here, we present a field experiment in which we manipulated both the recruitment neighborhood and seedling density to explore how they interact to influence the growth and survival of Dryobalanops aromatica, a dominant ectomycorrhizal tree species in a Bornean tropical rainforest. First, we found that both local seedling density and recruitment neighborhood had effects on performance of D. aromatica seedlings, though the nature of these impacts varied between growth and survival. Second, we did not find strong evidence that the effect of density on seedling survival is dependent on the presence of conspecific adult trees. However, accumulation of mutualistic fungi beneath conspecifics adults does facilitate establishment of D. aromatica seedlings. In total, our results suggest that recruitment near adult conspecifics was not associated with a performance cost and may have weakly benefitted recruiting seedlings. Positive effects of conspecifics may be a factor facilitating the regional hyperabundance of this species. </p> <p>Synthesis: Our results provide support for the idea that dominant species in diverse forests may escape the localized recruitment suppression that limits abundance in rarer species.</p>
Dataset for: Effects of local open raceme density, patch size, and distance between patches on pollinator behavior responding to floral display size in Salvia nipponica
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Data from: Tick infestation of chicks in a seabird colony varies with local breeding synchrony, local nest density and habitat structure
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Influence of local density and sex ratio on pollination in an ambophilous flowering plant
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.