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125 results for “male–male competition”
Data from: The role of male body size in mating success and male-male competition in a false widow spider
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How female × male and male × male interactions influence competitive fertilization in Drosophila melanogaster
How males and females contribute to joint reproductive success has been a long-standing question in sexual selection. Under postcopulatory sexual selection (PSS), paternity success is predicted to derive from complex interactions among females engaging in cryptic female choice and males engaging in sperm competition. Such interactions have been identified as potential sources of genetic variation in sexually selected traits but are also expected to inhibit trait diversification. To date, studies of interactions between females and competing males have focused almost exclusively on genotypes and not phenotypic variation in sexually selected traits. Here, we characterize within- and between-sex interactions in Drosophila melanogaster using isogenic lines with heritable variation in both male and female traits known to influence competitive fertilization. We confirmed, and expanded on, previously reported genotypic interactions within and between the sexes, and showed that several reproductive events, including sperm transfer, female sperm ejection and sperm storage, were explained by two- and three-way interactions among sex-specific phenotypes. We also documented complex interactions between the lengths of competing males' sperm and the female seminal receptacle, which are known to have experienced rapid female-male co-diversification. Our results highlight the non-independence of sperm competition and cryptic female choice and demonstrate that complex interactions between the sexes do not limit the ability of multivariate systems to respond to directional sexual selection.
Experimentally induced intrasexual mating competition and sex-specific evolution in female and male nematodes
Sexual dimorphism in life history traits and their trade-offs is widespread among sexually reproducing animals, and is strongly influenced by the differences in reproductive strategies between the sexes. We investigated how intrasexual competition (pre- and postcopulatory) acted on specific life history traits, important to fitness, and their trade-offs in the outcrossing nematode Caenorhabditis remanei. Here, we imposed strong sex-specific selection through experimental evolution with increased potential for intrasexual competition by skewing the adult sex ratio towards either males or females (1:10 or 10:1) over 30 generations, and subsequently measured the phenotypic response to selection in three traits related to fitness; body size, fecundity and tolerance to heat stress. We observed a stronger response to selection in females for body size and peak fitness, suggesting that females may experience stronger net selection and potentially harbour higher amounts of standing genetic variance compared to males. Our study highlights the importance of investigating direct and indirect effects of intrasexual competition in both sexes in order to capture sex-specific responses and understand the evolution of sexual dimorphism in traits expressed by both sexes.
Female chacma baboons modulate their sexual receptivity in response to male intrasexual competition
<p>Research in social mammals has revealed the complexity of strategies females use in response to female-female reproductive competition and sexual conflict. One point at which competition and conflict manifest acutely is during sexual receptivity, indicated by swellings in some primates. Whether females can adjust their sexual receptivity from cycle to cycle to decrease reproductive competition and sexual conflict in response to social pressures has not been tested. As a first step, this study explores whether sexual receptivity duration is predicted social pressures in wild female chacma baboons (<em>Papio</em> <em>ursinus</em>). Given that female baboons face intense reproductive competition and sexual coercion, we predicted that: females could shorten the duration of their sexual receptive period to reduce female-female aggression and male coercion or increase it to access multiple or their preferred male(s). We quantified 157 ovulatory cycles from 46 wild females living in central Namibia recorded over 15 years. We found no support for our hypothesis; however, our analyses revealed a negative correlation between maximal-swelling duration and group size, a proxy of within-group competition. This study provides further evidence that swelling is costly as well as a testable framework for future investigations of 'cycle length manipulation'.</p>
Figure 11 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figure 11. Dinorhax rostrumpsittaci (Simon, 1877), two males in threatening condition.
Figure 4 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figure 4. Escaping stage (right male (A2) fled).
Database for "Ecological perspectives on female and male reproductive success with competition in two Serapias species" Annals of Botany 2024
<p>Public data from the paper: Ecological perspectives on female and male reproductive success with competition in two Serapias species by J. Borràs, J. Cursach, C. Herrera, S. Perelló-Suau and M. Capó published in Annals of Botany 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae074">DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae074</a></p>
Immigrant males' memory acts to reduce ranging overlap and mating competition in wild baboons
<p>Mechanistic models suggest that information acquired by animals ("knowledge") could shape home range patterns and dynamics, and how neighbours share space. In social species this would suggest that immigrants could bring new knowledge into social groups, potentially affecting the dynamics of home range overlap. We tested this "immigrant knowledge hypothesis" in a wild population of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). We used data collected between 2005 and 2013 on two neighbouring troops in Namibia, comprising GPS records of daily ranges, male natal origins, daily females' reproductive status, and a satellite index of vegetation growth. We found that when the ratio of fertile females to adult males in the focal troop increased (i.e. increasing inter-troop mating competition costs for focal troop males), the focal troop tended to overlap less with a neighbouring troop's home range only when the alpha male had immigrated from that neighbouring troop and so was "knowledgeable" about its home range. When the alpha male was "not knowledgeable" the reverse was observed, with troops showing greater overlap, most likely reflecting an influence of fertile females on ranging patterns. Our findings support the immigrant knowledge hypothesis of group ranging behaviour, and suggest that dispersal and spatial memory may sometimes act to increase rather than decrease spatial segregation between groups. Very few previous studies have reported an effect of mating competition on ranging dynamics in social species, perhaps because previous studies did not consider divergent adaptive interest among group members and how they can be solved through collective-decision processes.</p>
Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and the foraging costs associated with paternal care in a resource-defense species
<p><strong>Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and associated costs of nest site maintenance and paternal care in a resource-defense species</strong></p> <p>This repository contains the .csv files used for the statistical analyses of the study "Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and associated costs of nest site maintenance and paternal care in a resource-defense species". In case of questions, please email Laís A. Grossel: <a href="mailto:laisgrossel@gmail.com">laisgrossel@gmail.com</a></p> <p><strong>Data files and structure</strong></p> <p>We have files for the analysis with field and experimental data.</p> <p>With the file <strong>field.csv</strong> we tested the probability of males obtaining a nest and receiving eggs from females. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identity of males in the field</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>mass:</strong> to the nearest 0.001 g</li> <li><strong>nest_possession:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not possess a nest and 1 if the male possessed a nest</li> <li><strong>nest_opening:</strong> in cm</li> <li><strong>parental_status:</strong> with 3 levels: 0 if the male did not have a nest, 1: if the male had a nest but no eggs, and 2: if the male had a nest and eggs</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>experiment_nests.csv</strong> we tested predictions related with the nest possession. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nests</li> <li><strong>occupation:</strong> if the nest was once occupied during the experiment, with 2 levels: 0 if it was never occupied and 1 if it was occupied at least once</li> <li><strong>occupied_scans:</strong> number of scans with any male inside the nest</li> <li><strong>vacant_scans:</strong> number of scans without any male inside the nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of observation scans </li> <li><strong>owners:</strong> number of different owners of the nest (at least 6 consecutive scans)</li> <li><strong>turnover:</strong> if there was at least a substitution of the nest owner without figths, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any substitution and 1 if there was a substitution</li> <li><strong>turnovers_number:</strong> number of substitutions of the nest owner without figths</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if there was at least a takeover attempt of the nest after figths, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any attempt and 1 if there was an attempt</li> <li><strong>takeovers_number:</strong> number of takeover attempts of the nest after figths</li> <li><strong>fight:</strong> if there was at least a figth inside or close to the nest, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any figth and 1 if there was a figth</li> <li><strong>fights_number:</strong> number of figths inside or close to the nest</li> <li><strong>canibalism:</strong> if there was at least a cannibalism event inside the nest, 2 levels: 0 if there was not any cannibalism event and 1 if there was a cannibalism event</li> <li><strong>canibalism_number:</strong> number of cannibalism events inside the nest</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>experiment_males.csv</strong> we tested predictions related to the males owners. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identitity of the males</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>nest_possession:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male never possessed a nest during the experiment and 1 if the male possessed a nest at least once (6 consecutive scans)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>inside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male inside his nest</li> <li><strong>outside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male outside his nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of scans in which the male was the owner of the nest</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if the male suffered a takeover attempt of his nest, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not suffer any attempt and 1 if the male suffered an attempt</li> <li><strong>eggs:</strong> if the male received eggs from a female, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not receive eggs and 1 if the male received eggs</li> <li><strong>eggs_number:</strong> number of eggs received </li> <li><strong>cannibalism:</strong> if the owner male cannibalized the eggs inside the nest, 2 levels: 0 if the male did not cannibalize eggs and 1 if the male cannibalized eggs</li> <li><strong>cannibalism_number:</strong> number of cannibalism events by the owner male </li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>fights-takeovers.csv</strong> we tested predictions related with nest takeovers. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>focalID:</strong> identitity of the focal males (the owner nest)</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>fight:</strong> if the male was involved in at least a figth, with 2 levels: 0 if the male was not involved in any figth and 1 if the male was involved in a figth</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if the male suffered a takeover attempt of his nest, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not suffer any attempt and 1 if the male suffered an attempt. Obs: the nest takeover always happens after a fight. If there was a takeover, then there was a fight too.</li> <li><strong>res_focal: </strong>result of the figth or takeover for the focal male, with 2 levels: 0 if the focal male did not lose the figth or the nest and 1 if the focal male lost the figth or the nest</li> <li><strong>intruderID:</strong> identity of the intruder male involved in the figth or the takeover with the owner male</li> <li><strong>intruder_DSL: </strong>dorsal scute width of the intruder male, in mm</li> <li><strong>dyad:</strong> identity of the two individuals involved in the figth or takeover (owner male and intruder male)</li> <li><strong>DSW_difference:</strong> difference between the dorsal scute width of the dyad (focal male minus intruder male)</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>foraging.csv</strong> we tested a prediction related with males foraging. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identitity of the males</li> <li><strong>parental_status:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not have eggs in the nest and 1: if the male had eggs</li> <li><strong>inside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male inside his nest</li> <li><strong>outside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male outside his nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of scans in which the male was the owner of the nest</li> </ul>
Dataset The relative importance of body size and UV coloration in influencing male-male competition in a Lacertid lizard
<p>This is the dataset of the paper "The relative importance of body size and UV coloration in influencing male-male competition in a Lacertid lizard" published in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology by Names et al. (2019). It includes a metadata statement and five data spreadsheets.</p> <p><strong>Abstract of the paper</strong></p> <p>Communication via color signals is common in natural systems. Ultraviolet (UV)-blue patches located on the outer-ventral scales of some Lacertid lizards are thought to be involved in male-male competition. However, the mechanisms that maintain their honesty remain unknown. Here, we use the common wall lizard <em>Podarcis muralis</em> to<br> test whether the lateral UV-blue spots are conventional signals, the honesty of which is guaranteed by receiver-dependent costs, and discuss their potential role as an amplifier of body size. We first described the morphology and reflectance properties of lateral blue spots in common wall lizards and investigated how they influence male-<br> male competition. Spot size and number, UV chroma, and conspicuousness (calculated using vision models) were significantly greater in adult males relative to adult females and adult males relative to juveniles. Total spot area (and not spot number) of adult males was positively correlated with body size. We conducted staged competition encounters between focal males and smaller or larger rivals with control or manipulated spots. Spots were enlarged in small rivals and reduced in large rivals to disrupt the phenotypic correlation between spot area and body size. Aggressiveness and dominance were positively influenced by body size in control encounters. Spot manipulations resulted in greater submission and less aggressiveness in focal males. These results contradict the predictions associated with conventional signals and amplifiers, but suggest that spots contributed to opponent evaluation during short-distance encounters between competing males.</p>
Data from: Male-male competition causes parasite-mediated sexual selection for local adaptation
<p>Sexual selection has been suggested to accelerate local adaptation and promote evolutionary rescue through several ecological and genetic mechanisms. Condition-dependent sexual selection has mainly been studied in laboratory settings while data from natural populations are lacking. One ecological factor that can cause condition-dependent sexual selection is parasitism. Here, we quantified ectoparasite load (<i>Arrenurus </i>water mites) in a natural population of the common bluetail damselfly (<i>Ischnura elegans</i>) over 15 years. We quantified the strength of sexual selection against parasite load in both sexes and experimentally investigated the mechanisms behind such selection. Then, we investigated how parasite resistance and tolerance changed over time to understand how they might influence population density. Parasites reduced mating success in both sexes, and sexual selection was stronger in males than in females. Experiments show that male-male competition is a strong force causing precopulatory sexual selection against parasite load. Although parasite resistance and male parasite tolerance increased over time, suggestive of increasing local adaptation against parasites, no signal of evolutionary rescue could be found. We suggest that condition-dependent sexual selection facilitates local adaptation against parasites and discuss its effects in evolutionary rescue.</p>
Trade-offs between immunity and competitive ability in fighting ant males
<p><span><strong>Background:</strong> </span><span>Fighting disease while fighting rivals exposes males to constraints and trade-offs during male-male competition. We here tested how both the stage and intensity of infection with the fungal pathogen <em>Metarhizium robertsii</em> interfered with fighting success in <em>Cardiocondyla</em> <em>obscurior</em> ant males. Males of this species have evolved long lifespans during which they can gain many matings with the young queens of the colony, if successful in male-male competition. Since male fights occur inside the colony, the outcome of male-male competition can further be biased by interference of the colony's worker force.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results:</strong> </span><span>We found that severe, but not yet mild, infection strongly impaired male fighting success. In late-stage infection, this could be attributed to worker aggression directed towards the infected rather than the healthy male and an already very high male morbidity even in the absence of fighting. Shortly after pathogen exposure, however, male mortality was particularly increased during combat. Since these males mounted a strong immune response, their reduced fighting success suggests a trade-off between immune investment and competitive ability already early in the infection. Even if the males themselves showed no difference in the number of attacks they raised against their healthy rivals across infection stages and levels, severely infected males were thus losing in male-male competition from an early stage of infection on.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions:</strong> </span><span>Males of the ant <em>C. obscurior </em>have evolved high immune investment, triggering an effective immune response very fast after fungal exposure. This allows them to cope with mild pathogen exposures without cost to their success in male-male competition, and hence to gain multiple mating opportunities with the emerging virgin queens of the colony. Under severe infection, however, they are weak fighters and rarely survive combat already at early infection when raising an immune response, as well as at progressed infection, when they are morbid and preferentially targeted by worker aggression. Workers thereby remove males that pose a future disease threat by biasing male-male competition. Our study thus revealed a novel social immunity mechanism for how social insect workers protect the colony against disease risk.</span></p>
Improving the mating competitiveness of male Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies by adding two juvenile hormone analogues
<p>Improving the mating competitiveness and survival of sterile males are direct means to increasing the effectiveness of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). Some insecticide growth regulators, such as the juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) Methoprene, have been used to improve the mating competitiveness of male tephritid flies by reducing their sexual maturation period. However, a decrease in the period of sexual maturation induces a reduction in survival. Here, we compared the effects of methoprene and Pyriproxyfen (PPF), another JHA, in <em>Anastrepha</em> <em>ludens</em> males. Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator that exhibits higher disruption on insects’ methamorphosis than methoprene or than natural JH. . Both compounds were administered at two doses (0.05 and 0.1%) via the male diet immediately after emergence. Our results show that both Pyriproxyfen and methoprene reduced male sexual maturation. However, PPF-treated males exhibited a shorter maturation period and obtained more matings at a given age than methoprene-treated males . No significant differences were observed between the two PPF doses tested (0.05 and 0.10 %). Male survival was equally accelerated by the two compounds. Our results demonstrate that PPF can be used as a tool to improve the mating performance of sterile males.</p>
Anisogamy does not always promote the evolution of mating competition traits in males
<p>Anisogamy has evolved in most sexually reproducing multicellular organisms allowing the definition of the male and female sexes, producing small and large gametes. Anisogamy, as the initial sexual dimorphism, is a good starting point to understand the evolution of further sexual dimorphisms. For instance, it is generally accepted that anisogamy sets the stage for more intense mating competition in males than in females. We argue that this idea stems from a restrictive assumption on the conditions under which anisogamy evolved in the first place: the absence of sperm limitation (assuming that all female gametes are fertilized). Here, we relax this assumption and present a model that considers the coevolution of gamete size with a mating competition trait, starting in a population without dimorphism. We vary gamete density to produce different scenarios of gamete limitation. We show that, while at high gamete density the evolution of anisogamy always results in male investment in competition, gamete limitation at intermediate gamete densities allows for either females or males to invest more into mating competition. Our results thus suggest that anisogamy does not always promote mating competition among males. The conditions under which anisogamy evolves matter, as well as the competition trait.</p>
Anisogamy does not always promote the evolution of mating competition traits in males
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Data from: Male competition drives song divergence along an ecological gradient in an avian ring species
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Data from: Mate competition and relatedness among males mediate the evolution of lethal fights in bulb mites
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Data from: Longer matings increase male competitive fertilization success in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>
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The transfer of male cuticular hydrocarbons provides a reliable cue of the risk and intensity of sperm competition in decorated crickets
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Trade-offs between immunity and competitive ability in fighting ant males
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