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142 results for “mating behaviour”
Figure 3 in Mating behaviour and its relationship with morphological features in the millipede Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) (Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Julida)
Figure 3. Positions of mating pairs of P. hungaricus. A – male and female in parallel position; B, C – male coiling around female (photo: B. Ilić).
Figure 1. A in Mating behaviour and its relationship with morphological features in the millipede Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) (Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Julida)
Figure 1. A – position of landmarks on the walking leg in P. hungaricus. B – position of landmarks on the gonopodal promere, mesocaudal view.
Figure 2 in Mating behaviour and its relationship with morphological features in the millipede Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) (Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Julida)
Figure 2. Mating in P. hungaricus. A – male; B – female; C, D – contact; E, F – extrusion of gonopods (arrowheads); G – copulation (arrowhead) (photo: B. Ilić).
Fig. 3 in Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground
Fig. 3. Nurse shark mating activity witnessed at Enseada dos Tubarões, Fernando de Noronha. The panels depict (I) an aggregation of at least 14 nurse sharks in shallow water adjacent to the shore; (II) a pregnant female shark; (III) a group of 8 female sharks clustering together in shallow waters; (IV) a female shark exhibiting (a) a freshly-inflicted, crescent-shaped bite mark on the left pectoral fin; (V) a female shark exhibiting (b) a freshly-inflicted, crescent-shaped bite mark on the right pectoral fin; (VI) a female shark exhibiting (c) a freshly-inflicted bite mark on the tip of the caudal fin.
Fig. 2 in Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground
Fig. 2. Nurse shark mating activity witnessed at Baía do Sueste, Fernando de Noronha. The panels depict (I) a coupling male shark (a) grasping the female pectoral fin with his mouth while coiling his body around the female, as evidenced by the alignment of male (b) first dorsal and (c) caudal fins; (II) a female shark ventral side up exhibiting emerged pelvic fins; (III) a female shark ventral side up rising her (d) right pectoral fin and (e) pelvic fins out of the water; (IV) a stranded female shark; (V) a female shark exhibiting f) a cloaca suggestive of earlier copulatory activity while being harassed by (g) a male shark; (VI) a female shark exhibiting (h-i) two small, crescent-shaped bite marks on the caudal fin.
Fig. 1 in Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground
Fig. 1. Map of the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (FEN), Brazil, depicting the locations of (a) Baía do Sueste and (b) Enseada dos Tubarões, where nurse shark mating activity was witnessed. The "X" in the inset represents the location of FEN in relation to South America. Map plotted with ggmap package (Kahle & Wickham, 2013) in R statistical software.
Figure 1 in Breeding behaviour and mating success of Phyllomedusa rohdei (Anura, Hylidae) in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 1. Female of Phyllomedusa rohdei folding a leaf with her arms and legs, before entering amplexus. At this moment, the leaf is not immediately glued (drawing from a photo).
Data and code for analysis in "Fighting over defence chemicals disrupts mating behaviour"
<p>Data and annotated code for analysis in "Fighting over defence chemicals disrupts mating behaviour". The point at which each data sheet is used in the analysis is specified in the code and code for each respective figure in paper is also given. A renv lockfile is also included for version control, but all package versions are also included in paper's methods section.</p>
Orb-web, no web: unusual mating behaviours in an orb-web spider
<p>The evolution of the orb-web was associated with a major radiation in spider diversity. The major functions of orb-webs are prey capture and as substrates for courtship and mating. However, the use of orb-webs has associated costs, and the modification and loss of orb-webs has evolved multiple times. While variation between species is evident, such as reductions in or loss of the orb-web for foraging, this kind of variation within species is rarely seen. Here, I describe laboratory observations of foraging and mating without an orb-web in a typical orb-weaving spider, the Australian garden orb-weaver (Hortophora biapicata). I discuss these behaviours, which are likely cases of opportunistic plasticity, in an ecological and evolutionary context. Further investigation of these rare and unusual behaviours may provide unique insights into the function and origin of important traits associated with the orb-web, and the evolution of extended phenotypes.</p>
Data of "Pen mates' interactions, potential precursors of damaging behaviours, object manipulation, straw rooting, and primary activity: A detailed data set in undocked pigs under dietary protein restriction"
<p>Damaging behaviours, such as tail biting, are common problems in pig production, compromising animal welfare and causing economic losses. Detailed studies are impeded by the difficulty of directly observing these behaviours. Tail biting is a broader phenomenon that begins long before lesions manifest, and behavioural problems caused by various stressors present themselves weeks before they escalate to damaging behaviour, resulting in serious injuries. Therefore, detailed data on behaviours, which can be considered precursors of tail biting, such as oral and nasal manipulation of conspecifics, should be collected. The present data were collected in the course of a large study on the genetic potential of protein efficiency, in which the crude protein content in the diet was reduced to 80% of the recommendations. Dietary protein reduction is a promising way to reduce nitrogen emissions in pig manure, but its implications for animal welfare are not yet clear. Pigs differ phenotypically and genetically in their ability to utilise dietary proteins; therefore, there might be individual differences in how they cope with the protein reduction. Here, we present detailed data of focal observations of 95 pigs at an experimental farm with undocked tails that were fed a protein-reduced diet. Pigs were observed directly in their home pens for 5 min each on four different days. All actions directed towards objects in the pen, interactions with and confrontations among pen mates, and straw rooting behaviour and general activity were recorded. After the behavioural observations, wounds on different parts of the body and the cleanliness of the pigs were noted. The protein efficiency of 94 pigs was obtained. The data set comprises six tables. The first table contains information on the animals, including the identities of their parents, farrowing group, sex, and protein efficiency. The other data tables contain four 5-min observations of each pig on 10 object-manipulation behaviours; 150 interaction behaviours, including reactions; 14 confrontation behaviours and their outcomes and reactions; 10 mounting behaviours, including reactions; two rooting behaviours; seven basic behaviours; and an index of general activity. The observations took place under comparatively good housing conditions. Pigs were not tail-docked and were given fresh straw daily, <em>ad libitum</em> access to feed, floor space above the legal requirements (only a partially slatted floor), and daily cleaning of pens, and they were closely monitored for signs of damaging behaviour; all of these are favourable conditions as they limit stress and the risk of damaging behaviour. These data can be used to further explore the relationships of specific behaviours and phenomena and their association with protein efficiency. The ethogram can be used as a template for further observations. Practitioners could use the data to support pigs’ need for occupation, such as by providing sufficient straw.</p>
Data from: Patterns of sperm swimming behaviour depend on male mating tactic and spawning environment in chinook salmon
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Orb-web, no web: unusual mating behaviours in an orb-web spider
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 3 in Notes on mating behaviour and a possible new host plant for Megacyllene angulata (Fabricius, 1775) (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera)
Figure 3. Megacyllene angulata (Fabricius, 1775). (A‑C) male. (A) dorsal habitus; (B) ventral habitus; (C) lateral habitus. (D‑F) female. (D) dorsal habitus; (E) ventral habitus; (F) lateral habitus. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 1 in Notes on mating behaviour and a possible new host plant for Megacyllene angulata (Fabricius, 1775) (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera)
Figure 1. Location where the observations occurred. (A) South American with Amazonia state (Brazil) marked; (B) Amazonia state with the location of observation in Tefé municipality marked (red point); (C) area of observation.
Data from: Correlational selection on personality and social plasticity: morphology and social context determine behavioural effects on mating success
Despite a central line of research aimed at quantifying relationships between mating success and sexually dimorphic traits (e.g., ornaments), individual variation in sexually selected traits often explains only a modest portion of the variation in mating success. Another line of research suggests that a significant portion of the variation in mating success observed in animal populations could be explained by correlational selection, where the fitness advantage of a given trait depends on other components of an individual's phenotype and/or its environment. We tested the hypothesis that interactions between multiple traits within an individual (phenotype dependence) or between an individual's phenotype and its social environment (context dependence) can select for individual differences in behaviour (i.e., personality) and social plasticity. To quantify the importance of phenotype- and context-dependent selection on mating success, we repeatedly measured the behaviour, social environment and mating success of about 300 male stream water striders, Aquarius remigis. Rather than explaining individual differences in long-term mating success, we instead quantified how the combination of a male's phenotype interacted with the immediate social context to explain variation in hour-by-hour mating decisions. We suggest that this analysis captures more of the mechanisms leading to differences in mating success. Males differed consistently in activity, aggressiveness and social plasticity. The mating advantage of these behavioural traits depended on male morphology and varied with the number of rival males in the pool, suggesting mechanisms selecting for consistent differences in behaviour and social plasticity. Accounting for phenotype and context dependence improved the amount of variation in male mating success we explained statistically by 30–274%. Our analysis of the determinants of male mating success provides important insights into the evolutionary forces that shape phenotypic variation. In particular, our results suggest that sexual selection is likely to favour individual differences in behaviour, social plasticity (i.e., individuals adjusting their behaviour), niche preference (i.e., individuals dispersing to particular social conditions) or social niche construction (i.e., individuals modifying the social environment). The true effect of sexual traits can only be understood in interaction with the individual's phenotype and environment.
Data supporting: Molecular, behavioural and morphological comparisons of sperm adaptations in a fish with alternative mating tactics
<p>In species with alternative reproductive tactics, there is much empirical support that sneaker males have larger testes size and greater sperm numbers. However, support for higher sperm performance by sneakers is inconsistent. We used the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) to test whether sperm performance differed between breeding-coloured males (small testes, but large mucus-filled sperm-duct glands; builds a nest lined with a sperm-containing mucus, provides care) and sneaker-morph males (no breeding colouration, large testes, rudimentary sperm-duct glands; no nest, no care). We compared motility (proportion motile sperm), velocity and longevity of sperm, between the two morphs. Furthermore, we compared gene expression of testes, and tested if the sperm-duct gland contents affected sperm performance, and if sperm morphometrics differed between male morphs. We found a clear difference in gene expression of testes between the male morphs with 109 transcripts differentially expressed between the morphs. Notably, several mucin genes were upregulated in breeding-coloured males and two ATP-related genes were upregulated in sneaker-morph males. There was some evidence of higher sperm velocity in sneaker-morph males, but no difference in sperm motility. Presence of the sperm-duct gland contents significantly increased sperm velocity, but equally so for the two morphs. The same was true for sperm motility although the difference was not significant. The sand goby has remarkably long-lived sperm, with only small or no decline in motility and velocity over time (5 min vs. 22 hours), but again, this was equally true for both morphs. Sperm length (head, tail, total) did not differ between morphs, and did not correlate with sperm velocity for either morph. Thus, other than a clear difference in testes gene expression, we found only modest differences between the two male morphs, confirming previous findings that high sperm performance as an adaptation to sperm competition is not a primary target of evolution.</p>
Data from: Courtship behaviour, nesting microhabitat and assortative mating in sympatric stickleback species-pairs
<p>The maintenance of reproductive isolation in the face of gene-flow is a particularly contentious topic, but differences in reproductive behaviour may provide the key to explaining this phenomenon. However, we do not yet fully understand how behaviour contributes to maintaining species boundaries. How important are behavioural differences during reproduction? To what extent does assortative mating maintain reproductive isolation in recently diverged populations and how important are 'magic traits'? Assortative mating can arise as a by-product of accumulated differences between divergent populations as well as an adaptive response to contact between those populations, but this is often overlooked. Here we address these questions using recently described species-pairs of three-spined stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>), from two separate locations and a phenotypically intermediate allopatric population on the island of North Uist, Scottish Western Isles. We identified stark differences in the preferred nesting substrate, and courtship behaviour of species-pair males. We showed that all males selectively court females of their own ecotype and all females prefer males of the same ecotype, regardless of whether they are from species-pairs or allopatric populations. We also showed that mate choice does not appear to be driven by body-size differences (a potential 'magic trait'). By explicitly comparing the strength of these mating preferences between species-pairs and single-ecotype locations we were able to show that present levels of assortative mating due to direct mate choice are likely a by-product of other adaptations between ecotypes, and not subject to obvious selection in species-pairs. Our results suggest that ecological divergence in mating characteristics, particularly nesting microhabitat may be more important than direct mate choice in maintaining reproductive isolation in stickleback species-pairs.</p>
Raw data for: Plastic responses of males and females interact to determine mating behaviour
<p>Individuals can respond plastically to variation in their social environment. However, each sex may respond to different cues and contrasting aspects of competition. Theory suggests that the plastic phenotype expressed by one sex can influence evolutionary dynamics in the other, and that plasticity simultaneously expressed by both sexes can exert sex-specific effects on fitness. However, data are needed to test this theory base. Here, we examined whether the simultaneous expression of adaptive plasticity by both sexes of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> fruit flies in response to their respective social environments interacts to determine the value of key reproductive traits (mating latency, duration and fecundity). To vary social environments, males were kept alone, or with same sex rivals, and females were kept alone, in same-sex, or mixed-sex groups. Matings were then conducted between individuals from all of these 5 social treatments in all combinations, and the resulting reproductive traits measured in both 'choice' and 'no choice' assays. Mating latency was determined by an interaction between the plastic responses of both sexes to their social environments. Interestingly, the mating latency response occurred in opposing directions in the different assays. In females exposed to same-sex social treatments, mating latency was more rapid with rival treatment males in the choice assays, but slower with those same males in no choice assays. In contrast, mating duration was determined purely by responses of males to their social environments, and fecundity purely by responses of females. Collectively, the results show that plastic responses represent an important and novel facet of sexual interactions.</p>
Effects of temperature on mating behaviour and mating success: a meta-analysis
<p>In light of global climate change, there is a pressing need to understand how populations will respond to rising temperatures. Understanding the effects of temperature changes on mating behaviour is particularly important, given its implications for population viability. To this end, we performed a meta-analysis of 53 studies to examine how temperature changes influence mating latency, choosiness, and mating success. We hypothesized that if higher temperatures make mate searching and mate assessment more costly due to elevated metabolism, this may lead to a reduction in mating latency and choosiness, thereby increasing overall mating success. We found no evidence for an overall effect of temperature on mating latency, choosiness, or mating success. There was an increase in mating success when animals were exposed to higher temperatures during mating trials, but not when they were exposed before mating trials. In addition, in a subset of studies that measured both mating latency and mating success, there was a strong negative relationship between the effect sizes for these traits. This suggests that a decrease in mating latency at higher temperatures was associated with an increase in mating success and vice versa. In sum, our meta-analysis provides new insights into the effects of temperature on mating patterns. The absence of a consistent directional effect of temperature on mating behaviours and mating success suggests it may be difficult to predict changes in the strength of sexual selection in natural populations in a warming world. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that (i) higher temperatures during mating may lead to an increase in mating success and that (ii) an increase in mating success is associated with a decrease in mating latency.</p>
Interactive effects of arrival date, territory quality and male polyterritorial behaviour on the mating system of the sedge warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus – a path analysis
<p>Classical models predict that male fitness is based on resources monopolized and invested in reproduction, and/or on individual quality providing offspring with sexually attractive traits or viable genes. However, these factors are frequently correlated, making their relative influence on male fitness difficult to describe and quantify. We analysed the relative influence of the main features of the sedge warbler's (<em>Acrocephalus schoenobaenus</em>) breeding system, i.e. age, arrival date, territory quality, male sexual activity (song and polyterritorial behaviour), on males' mating success, fledging success and local recruitment. Results show that this species' breeding system involves three main paths: (1) earlier-arriving males have higher mating success, regardless of territory quality, (2) the quality of territories pre-empted by earlier males directly influences recruitment, and (3) mating success is influenced by male sexual activity (polyterritorial behaviour), but an additional territory also affects recruitment directly. As arrival date plays a significant role in all the paths, the whole system seems to depend on male quality; although the benefits accruing to male fitness are obtained not only through sexual selection but also through resource monopolization.</p>
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