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156 results for “mesocosm”
The effects of pesticides, pH, and predatory stress in amphibians under mesocosm conditions.
Pesticides are applied throughout the world often with unintended consequences on ecological communities. In some regions, pesticides are associated with declining amphibians, but we have a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Pesticides break down more slowly under low pH conditions and become more lethal to amphibians when combined with predatory stress, but these phenomena have not been tested outside of the laboratory. I examined how pH, predatory stress, and a single application of an insecticide (carbaryl) affected the survival and growth of larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and green frogs (R. clamitans) in outdoor mesocosms. Decreased pH had no effect on survival, but caused greater tadpole growth. Low concentrations of carbaryl had no effect on either species, but high concentrations caused lower survival and greater growth in bullfrogs. Predatory stress and reduced pH did not make carbaryl more lethal likely due to the rapid breakdown rate of carbaryl in outdoor mesocosms. Thus, whereas the stress of pH and predators can make carbaryl (and other pesticides) more lethal under laboratory conditions using repeated applications of carbaryl, these stressors did not interact under mesocosm conditions using a single application of carbaryl.
Cothran, R. D., F. Radarian, and R. A. Relyea. 2011. Altering aquatic food webs with a global insecticide: Arthropod-amphibian links in mesocosms that simulate wetland communities. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 30:893-912.
Pesticides play a critical role in maximizing yields of economically important crops and minimizing the human health threats of disease-carrying pests, but they often have collateral effects on nontarget species. We used a mesocosm study to address how the most commonly used insecticide in the USA, malathion, applied at low, ecologically relevant concentrations (20 and 110 mg/L) affects species interactions in aquatic communities. Unlike many community ecotoxicology studies, our study assessed how malathion affects both consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of predators. We also considered how the vertical distribution of predator cues and malathion (caused by potential stratification) affects species interactions. We found no evidence for vertical stratification of malathion, a result suggesting that exposure to the pesticide was uniform throughout the water column. Malathion was lethal to some primary consumers (cladocerans) at both concentrations and to top predators (dragonflies) at the highest concentration (110 mg/L). These lethal effects initiated density-mediated indirect effects in both cases. Malathion also may have decreased dragonfly foraging efficiency, resulting in increased tadpole survival (trait-mediated indirect effect), which decreased the resources used by tadpoles (periphyton). Collectively, our results show that malathion alters species interactions. However, we suggest that the degree to which pesticides affect aquatic communities will depend strongly on the species composition of communities. Therefore, the community-level consequences of pesticide exposure are likely to vary across the ecological landscape.
Microarthropod and nematode effects on soil nitrogen availability in fluffgrass mesocosms at the Jornada Basin LTER site, 1986-1987
This data package contains soil nitrogen measurements taken over a 12-week interval in soils treated to exclude microarthropods and nematodes. The purpose of this study was to test if changing densities of soil microarthropods and nematodes results in changes in soil nitrogen availability. In 1986 and 1987, 110 fluff grass (Dasyochloa pulchella) plants were collected from the Jornada Basin College Ranch and transplanted into pots, which contained 5 replicates of each treatment. The 4 treatments include 1) control, 2) NEMACUR (to exclude nematodes), 3) chlordane (to exclude mites) and 4) NEMACUR + Chlordane. Each was sampled 5 times during a 12-week interval after the initial treatment. Pots were watered weekly to maintain conditions at field capacity. Samples were taken from the rhizosphere and analyzed for NO3(-)- N, NH4(+)-N, Inorganic-N, microbial-N, % H20, % organic matter, root biomass, and nematode density. This study was completed in 1987.
Data to support "delta13C and delta15N values from a mesocosm experiment showing sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers"
The purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is an important herbivore and detritivore in southern California giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests that grow on shallow rocky reefs (~3-20m depth) off southern California, including Santa Barbara where this study was done. To investigate the shredder activity of purple urchins, we assembled communities of common detritivores and suspension feeders from local reefs in mesocosms. Three species of brittle stars (Ophiopteris papillosa, Ophioplocus esmarki, and Ophiothrix spiculata), one vermetid gastropod (Thylacodes squamigerus), two barnacles (Chthamalus sp. and Megabalanus californicus), one polychaete worm (Chaetopterus sp.), and three sea cucumbers (Cucumaria piperata, Pachythyone rubra, and Cucumaria salma) were collected from the seafloor of local kelp forests at 5-15m depth in the Santa Barbara Channel. Ten of each species were placed in each of six 50 L (51x38x27 cm) flow-through unfiltered seawater tanks, each containing two concrete bricks for hard substrate on top of 3 cm of sand. Because sea urchins are highly mobile, capable of bulldozing other occupants, we isolated them above the experimental communities on plastic mesh (1cm). Mesh dividers were secured horizontally across each mesocosm 16 cm above the bottom. Ten individuals of each consumer species, along with 2-3 blades, totaling 47.3 g (±1.2 SE), of isotopically labeled kelp (see below) were placed on the floor of each tank, below the divider. On top of the mesh divider, we placed an additional 229.8 g (±6.1 SE) of enriched kelp blades, and in half of the tanks, 10 adult urchins (total mass 343.3 g ±1.3 SE) per tank. The kelp below the mesh ensured that the detritivores had direct access to degrading kelp detritus regardless of the urchin treatment, similar to the situation in the kelp forest, allowing us to more clearly ascertain the degree to which the detritivores were dependent on urchins for kelp detritus assimilation. The experiment wa
SBC LTER: BEACH: Talitrid amphipod (Megalorchestia spp.) mesocosm and pitfall trapping for surface activity on spring and neap tides
These data describe the surface activity of talitrid amphipod species (Megalorchestia spp.), and unidentified juveniles, on a spring tide and a neap tide during July and August 2017. The data tables include (1) the mean number and standard deviation of surface active individuals of each species each hour for a 24 hour period on a spring tide and on a neap tide in mesocosms, and (2) the count of each species and unidentified juveniles from pitfall trap samples collected every 2 hours on 4 replicate transects on a spring tide and on a neap tide. This dataset is to support the journal article: Emery, KA, VR Kramer, NK Schooler, KM Michaud, JR Madden, DM Hubbard, RJ Miller, JE Dugan. 2021. Habitat partitioning by mobile intertidal invertebrates of sandy beaches shifts with the tides. Ecosphere.
Mesocosm (Marsh Organ) experiment at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, MD, 2012
This experiment examines the effects of tidal inundation on the growth of salt marsh vegetation. We measured the response of plants to disturbance across a gradient in inundation times by transplanting tussocks of Schoenoplectus americanus into mesocosms of different elevation. The mesocosms were arranged into structures commonly described as �marsh organs�. Here we utilize two marsh organs each containing 54 mesocosms constructed of 6-inch diameter (0.0182, m2) polyvinyl chloride pipe, arranged into nine rows containing six pipes of identical elevation. We conducted the experiment in a large brackish marsh on the Atlantic Coast of North America. The study site is adjacent to the Blackwater River, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, USA) (Blackwater, 38.40�N, 76.07�W). Changes in water level are primarily driven by meteorological events, with mean astronomical tides of <0.25 m. Long-term porewater salinities average 10 p.p.t. within the marsh soil, and intertidal vegetation is dominated by Schoenoplectus americanus and Spartina patens.
Salinity and Simulated Herbivory Effects on Spartina alterniflora in a Mesocosm, 2017
The goal of this mesocosm study was to examine the effects of salinity (0, 6,14, 19 or 26 ppt), collection site (mesohaline vs. freshwater marsh), and simulated herbivory via clipping on the growth and plant traits of Spartina alterniflora. Spartina alterniflora collected from a mesohaline marsh (Taskinas Creek) and a freshwater marsh (Sweet Hall) was grown in mesocosms and subjected to one of five salinities and an herbivory treatment. Chlorophyll concentrations, total phenolic concentrations, total soluble protein content, belowground biomass, number of new shoots produced, and carbon and nitrogen content were assessed.
Trophic complexity alters the diversity–multifunctionality relationship in experimental grassland mesocosms
<p>Plant diversity has a positive influence on the number of ecosystem functions maintained simultaneously by a community, or multifunctionality. While the presence of multiple trophic levels, or trophic complexity, affects individual functions, the effect of trophic complexity on the diversity-multifunctionality relationship is less well known. To address this issue, we tested whether the independent or simultaneous manipulation of both plant diversity and trophic complexity impacted multifunctionality using a mecocosm experiment from Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. Our analyses revealed that neither plant diversity nor trophic complexity had significant effects on single functions, but trophic complexity altered the diversity-multifunctionality relationship in two key ways: it lowered the maximum strength of the diversity-multifunctionality effect and it resulted shifted the relationship between increasing diversity and multifunctionality from positive to negative at lower function thresholds. Our findings suggest that declines in trophic complexity will further reduce the capacity of ecosystems to maintain multifunctionality than expected from plant biodiversity loss.</p>
Task 3.1. Effect of MNPs on soil aggregations in field and mesocosm experiments
<p>This folder includes the raw data of Task 3.1. "Effect of MNPs on soil aggregations in field and mesocosm experiments". The soil aggregate size fractions and water stable aggretaes were analyzed with the samples from field (first and second year; Germany, Spain, and Finland) and mesocosm experiments (first and third rounds). </p>
Fig. 1 in Response of Sphagnum Testate Amoebae to Drainage, Subsequent Re-wetting and Associated Changes in the Moss Carpet - Results from a Three Year Mesocosm Experiment
Fig. 1. Left: schematic cross-section through a mesocosm showing the peat and Sphagnum layer. Right: expected evolution of community structure or traits over the stress and recovery phases. At the onset of the experiment (T0) the community included the whole range of species living in pool, lawn and hummock, taken in a natural Sphagnum peatland. D1 is the point of maximum disturbance effect and R1 and R2 are sampling points during the recovery phase. Dotted lines represented the possible evolution of both species community structure and community weighted mean of functional traits in response to disturbance. Full recovery depended on the survival potential of species. The new equilibrium represents the situation when the local conditions or present species pool do not allow a fully recovery of original state. In our case this is due to the fact that some species are likely to be lost during the disturbance phase.
Fig. 3 in Response of Sphagnum Testate Amoebae to Drainage, Subsequent Re-wetting and Associated Changes in the Moss Carpet - Results from a Three Year Mesocosm Experiment
Fig. 3. Evolution of standardized effect size of mean pairwise distance between sampling plots relatively to a null model (random species matrix with respect to observed species richness, see text for details) of testate amoeba community weighted mean (CWM) of functional trait data from a Sphagnum fallax mesocosm experiment simulating water table changes. The mean pairwise distance represents the distance separating communities based on the pool of functional traits. Horizontal grey dotted line represents p-value of 0.05, points below the line are significantly different from the null model. Each replicate was represented separately, with a grey scale.
Fig. 2 in Response of Sphagnum Testate Amoebae to Drainage, Subsequent Re-wetting and Associated Changes in the Moss Carpet - Results from a Three Year Mesocosm Experiment
Fig. 2. Principal component analyses (PCA) of a) testate amoeba species and b) community weighted mean (CWM) of functional traits in Sphagnum fallax from a mesocosm experiment simulating water table changes. The species dataset was Hellinger transformed and the CWM data were scaled. Projection of descriptors (left) and samples (right), scaling 2. On the right plots, arrows represent the time line for each treatment (mean coordinates of the five sampling plots of each treatment and time). In both PCAs, axes 1 and 2 were the only significant axes and accounted respectively for 60.4% (species based) and 80.2% (CWM based) of the variance. Characteristic plots for wet and intermediate treatments were labelled. Taxa abbreviations: Amp_wri: Amphitrema wrightianum, Pse_gra: Pseudodifflugia gracilis, Arc_fla: Archerella flavum, Cyc_arc: Cyclopyxis arcelloides, Phy_gri: Physochila griseola, Hya_pap: Hyalosphenia papilio, Cen_acu: Centropyxis aculeata, Hel_syl: Heleopera sylvatica, Cry_ovi: Cryptodifflugia oviformis, Eug_cil: Euglypha ciliata, Phr_acr: Phryganella acropodia, Hel_ros: Heleopera rosea, Cor_dub: Corythion dubium, Neb_tin: Nebela tincta s.l., Arc_cat: Arcella catinus, Ass_mus: Assulina muscorum.
Figure 1 in Development of experimental mesocosms for cicada nymphs Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata: methodology and research recommendations
Figure 1. Photographs of the mesocosm experiment. (A) a final instar nymph of Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata cicada in a mesocosm cage. (B) An empty burrow made by a cicada nymph. The nymph might feed on larch root at the interior of burrow. Photographs were taken at the end of mesocosm experiment (7 July).
MESOCOSM database for environmental NanoSafety
<p>MESOCOSM database contains experimental data collected from mesocosm experiments suited for understanding and quantifying both the environmental hazard and exposure of Nanomaterials, in order to better explain ENMs behavior and potential impacts at different phases of ENMs lifecycle. The experiments investigate Ag, CeO2, CuO, TiO2-based ENMs as well as nano-enabled products. The database is downloadable in SQL format, and its structure is described by the conceptual data model that is also available. The database contains six tables : table "Reference" contains information about the articles that describe the experiments at the origin of the data ; table "Ecosystem" gives the details about the ecosystem in which each experiment has been conducted ; table "Contamination" informs about the contamination scenario of each experiment and provide details about the physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticle used as a contaminant ; tables "Environmental_Endpoints", "Exposure_endpoints", and "Hazard_Endpoints" respectively contain the indicators for assessing the state of the environment, the parameters used to measure the exposure of the studied environment to the contaminants, and the biomarkers used to measure observable changes indicating the hazard of the contaminants towards living organisms. The used units of mesures that have been used are listed in the "Additional notes" section. Articles describing the experiments at the origin of the data are listed in the "References" rubrique. The DOIs of these articles are also available in the table "Reference" of the MESOCOSM database, and linked to the experiments results' records through the table "contamination". </p>
Data from: Mesocosm experiment reveals scale-dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks
<p><span>Habitat fragmentation can have negative impacts on migratory organisms that rely on the functional connectivity between growing and breeding grounds. Quantifying the population-level phenotypic consequences of such fragmentation requires fine-scaled tracking of individual behaviour and movements across relevant scales. We here make use of a natural experiment where some populations of 'migrant' three-spined sticklebacks (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) became 'residents', following habitat fragmentation five decades ago. To test whether residents have a lower movement tendency than migrants, we developed a novel experimental platform that allows the automated tracking of individual movements via RFID technology in a semi-natural mesocosm where spatio-temporal scales and environmental conditions can be manipulated. We found that residents moved significantly less than migrants at large but not at small spatial scale. This pattern was consistent across time and contexts (water flow and group size). Our study substantiates prior literature on rapid phenotypic divergence in sticklebacks in response to human-induced isolation and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant setups that bridge the gap between lab and field studies.</span></p>
Growth Chamber mesocosm experiment to assess the effects of the OSS decoupled from the presence of G. senegalensis (PRJNA930014)
<p>The Sahel region of West Africa is a vulnerable eco-region where a growing population and climate-change induced drought threaten food security. The subsistence farmers here grow pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) without fertilizers or irrigation. Local and biologically-based means of maintaining yields are needed, and an agroforestry system in Senegal - the Optimized Shrub-intercropping System (OSS) - provides a solution. In the OSS, the shrub Gueira senegalensis performs hydraulic lift, distributing deep subsurface water to neighboring millet plants. The shrub also supports a distinct microbial community and significantly improves carbon storage and nutrient dynamics. Here, we aimed to test whether shrub-impacted soils differed in microbiome and millet outcomes under simulated early-season drought in a growth chamber. Shrub impact was separated into residual impacts on microbiome and soil, versus ongoing shrub-derived organic matter (OM) input. decoupled from the effects of the growing shrub. Methods: We characterized the microbiota through dry-down and rewetting periods, with particular attention to lineages with known plant growth promoting (PGP) properties, via amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region and the ITS2, . Results: Both bacterial and fungal communities were significantly altered by imposed drought, OM amendment, and original soil type (+/-OSS). The largest significant bacterial community impact under dry down occurred for +shrub/-OM treatments, and under rewetting for -OM treatment regardless of +/- OSS. Known bacterial PGP lineages were only enriched under drought in +OSS/-OM treatments. The fungal community behaved differently with a significant dry-down impact only in +OSS/+OM treatments, while rewetting enriched for fungal pathogens but only in -OSS/+OM soils. Decoupled from ongoing shrub growth, both residual shrub impacts and shrub OM inputs altered microbiota and increased millet biomass under drought. These results are part of a growing body of work aimed at understanding microbiome roles in increasing ecological resilience and combating food insecurity. Metagenomic and amplicon sequencing data are publicly available via NCBI PRJNA930014. Here we present all associated soil chemical, enzyme, and plant physical and chemical data </p>
Trophic complexity alters the diversity–multifunctionality relationship in experimental grassland mesocosms
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Data from: DNA metabarcoding as a tool to study plankton responses to warming and salinity change in mesocosms
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Data from: Mesocosm experiment reveals scale-dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks
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Drought and heatwave mesocosm experiment on Canadian Rocky mountain periphyton communities from alpine ponds.
The accelerating rate of global climate change at higher elevations and latitudes is increasing the potential for extreme climatic events. Here, a knowledge gap exists in how the order of exposure to and duration of droughts and heatwaves affect their cumulative impact on aquatic communities. We tested experimentally for the effects of simultaneous versus sequential exposures to drought and heatwave on sediment-dwelling algal communities (epipelon) from small fishless alpine lakes. In both simultaneous and sequential exposure treatments involving drought followed by a heatwave the negative effect of drought offset the negative effect of warming on chlorophyll-inferred algal biomass and taxonomic composition. Reversal of order of exposure (i.e., heatwave followed by drought) lowered their cumulative effect on community structure. These findings highlight the potential for drought events to dominate over heatwaves in altering shallow littoral ecosystems at high elevations under a rapidly warming climate.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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