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Figure 4 in Description of a new species of the genus Rana (Anura: Ranidae) from western Guizhou, China, integrating morphological and molecular genetic data

Figure 4. Haplotype networks of Rana zhijinensis Luo, Xiao & Zhou, sp. nov. and its related species constructed based on the nuclear gene sequences. Different species of the R. japonica group are shown as different colors.

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Figure 3 in Description of a new species of the genus Rana (Anura: Ranidae) from western Guizhou, China, integrating morphological and molecular genetic data

Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on four mitochondrial genes and six nuclear genes. In this phylogenetic tree, UFB from ML analyses/ BPP from BI analyses are given beside nodes. The scale bar represents 0.03 nucleotide substitutions per site. Red lines represent species delimitation results of bPTP and BPP.

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Fig. 1 in Spore Dimorphism in Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia, Nosematidae): from Morphological Evidence to Molecular Genetic Verification

Fig. 1. DAPI fluorescence (A, С) and Nomarski contrast (B, D) of monokaryotic (A, B) and diplokaryotic (C, D) spores of microsporidia detected in Ostrinia nubilalis larvae. Arrows and double arrows indicate single nuclei and diplokarya, respectively. Scale bar = 4 µm.

Figure 2 in Examining metrics and magnitudes of molecular genetic differentiation used to delimit cetacean subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences

Figure 2. Relationship between ΦST and Nei's estimate of net divergence (dA) among cetacean population, subspecies, and species pairs estimated using mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data. Specific values mentioned in the text are numbered: 1 = Neophocaena species; 2 = killer whale populations. The three green squares in the left-hand side of the figure (ΦST <0.07) represent, from bottom to top, the subspecies comparisons for S. attenuata, S. longirostris, and L. obscurus, respectively.

Figure 1 in Examining metrics and magnitudes of molecular genetic differentiation used to delimit cetacean subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences

Figure 1. Box and whisker plots showing median and 1st and 3rd quartiles, and minimum and maximum values for six metrics of genetic divergence among cetacean population, subspecies, and species pairs estimated using mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data.

Figure 3 in A review of molecular genetic markers and analytical approaches that have been used for delimiting marine mammal subspecies and species

Figure 3. Published values of percent divergence between cetacean subspecies (black bars), species (white bars), and taxa of uncertain taxonomic status (gray bars). Values are based on mtDNA control region sequence data. Not all values represent net sequence divergence. See Table 1 for list of papers corresponding to each value. Since completing this work, Sousa species have been supported ((Mendez et al. 2013) and Inia subspecies changed.

Figure 1 in A review of molecular genetic markers and analytical approaches that have been used for delimiting marine mammal subspecies and species

Figure 1. Sample sizes used in publications of molecular genetic studies of marine mammals at different taxonomic levels. Graphs present the proportion of studies at each taxonomic level that fall into each sample size category. (A) minimum total sample size per focal taxon; (B) maximum sample size per single sampling locality. Papers were categorized as examining taxonomic questions at: species = subspecies/species boundary; subspecies = population/subspecies boundary; uncertain = taxonomic boundary uncertain (see text).

Figure 2 in A review of molecular genetic markers and analytical approaches that have been used for delimiting marine mammal subspecies and species

Figure 2. Types of molecular genetic data used in published studies examining questions at the species-level, subspecies-level, or undefined taxonomic level for marine mammals. Note that studies may have used more than one data type. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data (MtDNASeq), nuclear DNA sequence data (NuSeq), microsatellites (Msats), morphological data (Morph).

Figure 3 in Guidelines and quantitative standards to improve consistency in cetacean subspecies and species delimitation relying on molecular genetic data

Figure 3. Flow diagram for subspecies delineation using combined quantitative and qualitative standards. The threshold values assume the user is evaluating a case relying on mtDNA control region data. Percent Diagnosable (PD) is the smallest strata-specific correct classification score in a given comparison (e.g., PD50 in two-strata comparisons in Archer et al. 2017). The second box in the second row (other evidence to meet subspecies definition) allows for subspecies delineation when both conditions are not met using mtDNA. This box could be used either for the case when one condition is met and one unmet or when both just barely miss meeting the standards. For example, consider the case with PD <95% and dA> 0.004. Diagnosability could be achieved with morphological data or nuclear data that are sufficient for subspecies but not for full species.

Figure 2. A in Guidelines and quantitative standards to improve consistency in cetacean subspecies and species delimitation relying on molecular genetic data

Figure 2. A comparison of the pairs of populations (red triangles), subspecies (green squares) and species (blue circles) estimated by Rosel et al. (2017a). Net nucleotide divergence (dA) is shown on a natural log scale to better illustrate differences between the pairwise comparisons at low levels of divergence. Bars show the central 95th-pecentile of the estimate distributions. The solid vertical line at dA = 0.020 delimits all but one species and correctly excludes all subspecies pairs. The vertical dashed line at dA = 0.004 delimits all populations from the higher taxonomic levels and correctly delimits seven of eleven subspecies. The horizontal dashed lines are two potential thresholds for percent diagnosable (80% and 95%) that are discussed in the text.

A field study of the molecular response of brown macroalgae to heavy metal exposure: an (epi)genetic approach

<p>We used next-generation sequencing to study DNA methylation changes and DNA sequence variation (SNPs) in thalli from four populations of the brown macroalgae <em>Fucus vesiculosus</em> reciprocally transplanted between two polluted and two unpolluted sites. For this, we performed reduced representation bisulfite DNA sequencing.</p>

Figure 6. A in Classical taxonomy, molecular phylogeny and genetic analysis of the genus Exitianus Ball, 1929 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Egypt

Figure 6. A. Amino acids variations of the COX1 gene generated by WebLogo3 server. B. Multiple amino acids alignments for selected Exitianus isolates generated by MultAlin server.

Figure 2. Exitianus nanus. A in Classical taxonomy, molecular phylogeny and genetic analysis of the genus Exitianus Ball, 1929 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Egypt

Figure 2. Exitianus nanus. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, female ventral view; C. Habitus, male ventral view; D. Pronotum & scutellum; E. Face; F. Male genitalia (pygofer, subgenital plate, valva, styles and connective, aedeagus).

Figure 1. Exitianus capicola. A in Classical taxonomy, molecular phylogeny and genetic analysis of the genus Exitianus Ball, 1929 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Egypt

Figure 1. Exitianus capicola. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, female ventral view; C. Habitus, male ventral view; D. Pronotum

Figure 3. Exitianus pondus. A in Classical taxonomy, molecular phylogeny and genetic analysis of the genus Exitianus Ball, 1929 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Egypt

Figure 3. Exitianus pondus. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, female ventral view; C. Habitus, male ventral view; D. Pronotum & scutellum; E. Face; F. Male genitalia (pygofer, subgenital plate, valva, styles and connective, aedeagus); G. Aedeagus, lateral view.

FIGURE 4 in One step closer but still far from solving the puzzle - The phylogeny of marine associated mites (Acari, Oribatida, Ameronothroidea) inferred from morphological and molecular genetic data

FIGURE 4 Bayesian inference topology based on 66 morphological traits of 102 oribatid mite species. Posterior probability values are shown near nodes. Photographs of selected species are given to provide an insight into the basic morphology of each larger group. *Photograph shows Tegeocranellus knysnaensis, this species was not used for the analyses but is given here to visualize the typical habitus of Tegeocranellus species.

FIGURE 3 in One step closer but still far from solving the puzzle - The phylogeny of marine associated mites (Acari, Oribatida, Ameronothroidea) inferred from morphological and molecular genetic data

FIGURE 3 One of 14 most parsimonious trees based on 66 characters or character states of 98 ameronothroid and four terrestrial oribatid mite species. Bootstrap values are shown near nodes. Colours refer to different families and are the same as in preceding figures.

FIGURE 1 in One step closer but still far from solving the puzzle - The phylogeny of marine associated mites (Acari, Oribatida, Ameronothroidea) inferred from morphological and molecular genetic data

FIGURE 1 Bayesian inference tree of marine associated Ameronothroidea and terrestrial outgroups based on 18S sequences. Posterior probabilities>0.9 are shown near nodes; abbreviations: PRT – Portugal, DE – Germany, DR – Dominican Republic, JP – Japan, TW – Taiwan, MY – Malaysia; families are given in different colours. Photographs of selected species are given to provide an insight into the basic habitus of each larger group.

FIGURE 2 in One step closer but still far from solving the puzzle - The phylogeny of marine associated mites (Acari, Oribatida, Ameronothroidea) inferred from morphological and molecular genetic data

FIGURE 2 Bayesian topology based on the combined data set of coi, D3 and 18S sequences. Posterior probabilities>0.9 are shown near nodes; abbreviations: PRT – Portugal, DE – Germany, DR – Dominican Republic, TW – Taiwan.