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Figure 1 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 1. Litargosuchus leptorhynchus gen. et sp. nov. Skull in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Abbreviations for Figs 1, 2: ao.f = antorbital fenestra; ar = articular; cb = ceratobranchial I; d = dentary; e.m = external mandibular fenestra; ec = ectopterygoid; en = external naris; f = frontal; j = jugal; l = lacrimal; m = maxilla; n = nasal; or = orbit; p = parietal; pl = palatine; pm = premaxilla; prf = prefrontal; po = postorbital; po.p = paroccipital process; pt = pterygoid; q = quadrate; sq = squamosal; sp. = splenial; v = vomer. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 4. Kayentasuchus walkeri gen. et sp. nov. Holotype skull. A, ventral view of the braincase with its floor removed. B, medial view of the side wall of the braincase. Abbreviations: bs.s = space within the body of the basisphenoid; en.d = endolymphatic duct; ls = laterosphenoid; m.an = mastoid antrum; ot = otoccipital; p = parietal; po.p = paroccipital process; pt.f = post-temporal foramen; pr = prootic; q = quadrate; so = supraoccipital; sq = squamosal; ve = vestibule; VIII = foramen for cranial nerve VIII (n. vestibulo-cochlearis). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 2 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 2. Litargosuchus leptorhynchus gen. et sp. nov. Skull in (A) left lateral and (B) right lateral views. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 3. Kayentasuchus walkeri gen. et sp. nov. Holotype skull. A, left lateral view of reconstructed skull; shape of dentary probably distorted during fossilization. B, posterior view of occiput as preserved. Abbreviations: ao.f = antorbital fenestra; d = dentary; e.m = external mandibular fenestra; f. m = foramen magnum; g = lateral groove on squamosal; j = jugal; l = lacrimal; m = maxilla; n = nasal; or = orbit; ot = otoccipital; p = parietal; pm = premaxilla; po.p = paroccipital process; pt.f = post-temporal fenestra; so = supraoccipital; sq = squamosal. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 3. Single MP cladogram with multistate characters analyzed as ordered, and a posteriori weighting on the RC (1,446 steps, CI = 0.20, RI = 0.47, RC = 0.09).

Fig. 6 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 6. Lateral view of post-temporal and supracleithrum in: a) Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, AMNH 2503; b) Alfaro cultratus, TU 24927; c) Anableps dowi, TU 39076; d) Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, TU 183396; e) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002; pectoral fin girdle in: f) Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, TU 183396; g) Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, AMNH 2503; h) Brachyrhaphis episcopi, SU 50303; i) Phalloceros caudimaculatus, MCP 40527; j) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 10. Lateral view of gonapophyses in: a) Brachyrhaphis olomina, TU 24997; b) Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora, TU 84483; c) Poeciliopsis pleurospilus, USAC 838; d) Brachyrhaphis episcopi, SU 50303; e) Xiphophorus alvarezi, USAC 1782; f) Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, AMNH 20503; g) Phallichthys fairweatheri, USAC 1797; h) Poecilia rositae, USAC 1822; i) Priapichthys annectens, TU 25193; j) Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, CAS 78795; k) Poeciliopsis turrubarensis, TU 24130; l) Pseudoxiphophorus obliquus, LSUMZ 14339; m) Poeciliopsis gracilis, TU 84966; n) Phalloceros caudimaculatus, MCP 40527; o) Pseudoxiphophorus litoperas, USAC 1813; p) Gambusia affinis, TU 114758; q) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002; r) Pamphorichthys araguaiensis, MCP 40919; s) Phalloptychus iheringi, MCP 11054. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 2. Single MP tree with multistate characters analyzed as unordered, and with a posteriori weighting using RC (1,444 steps, CI = 0.20, RI = 0.47, RC = 0.09).

Fig. 9 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 9. Lateral view of gonopodial suspensorium in: a) Alfaro cultratus, TU 24927; b) Pseudoxiphophorus litoperas, USAC 1813; c) Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, AMNH 2503; d) Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, CAS 78795; e) Pseudoxiphophorus obliquus, LSUMZ 14339; f) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002; g) Brachyrhaphis olomina, TU 24997; h) Gambusia affinis, TU 114758; i) Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora, TU 84483; j) Pamphorichthys araguaiensis, MCP 40919; k) Phallichthys fairweatheri, USAC 1797; l) Brachyrhaphis episcopi, SU 50303. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 5. Lateral view of retroarticular in: a) Phalloceros buckupi, SU 64230; b) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002; c) Brachyrhaphis olomina, TU 24997; d) Xenophallus umbratilis, TU 186285; e) Phallichthys fairweatheri, USAC 797; f) Carlhubbsia stuarti, USAC 204; g) Poeciliopsis turrubarensis, TU 24130; h) Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, AMNH 2503; i) Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, TU 183396; j) Jenynsia eirmostigma, MCP 40527; k) Phalloceros caudimaculatus, MCP 40527; hyomandibula in: l) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002; m) Pseudoxiphophorus obliquus, LSUMZ 14339; n) Pseudoxiphophorus diremptus, LSUMZ 14337; o) Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, TU 183396; p) Brachyrhaphis olomina, TU 24997; q) Jenynsia eirmostigma, MCP 40527; r) Anableps dowi, TU 39076; s) Profundulus guatemalensis, USAC 769; dentary in: t) Pseudoxiphophorus obliquus, LSUMZ 14339; u) Pseudoxiphophorus diremptus, LSUMZ 14337; v) Brachyrhaphis episcopi, SU 50303; w) Brachyrhaphis olomina, TU 24997; x) Pamphorichthys araguaiensis, MCP 40919; y) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002; z) Profundulus guatemalensis, USAC 769. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 8. Lateral view of the tip of gonopodium in: a) Heterandria formosa, TU 24002; b) Pseudoxiphophorus cataractae, LSUMZ 14338; c) Pseudoxiphophorus obliquus, LSUMZ 14339; d) Pseudoxiphophorus litoperas, USAC 1813; e) Phalloceros caudimaculatus, MCP 40527; f) Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, MCP 35215; g) Xiphophorus mayae, LSUMZ 14336; h) Poecilia rositae, USAC 1822; i) Gambusia affinis, TU 114758; j) Phallichthys fairweatheri, USAC 1797; k) Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora, TU 84483; l) Pamphorichthys araguaiensis, MCP 40919; m) Alfaro cultratus, TU 24927. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Monophyly of Heterandriini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) revisited: a critical review of the data

Fig. 1. Strict consensus tree of twelve MP trees with multistate characters analyzed as unordered. Each MP tree of 1,430 steps, CI = 0.20, RI = 0.48, RC = 0.10. Numbers indicate Bremer support values.

Fig. 4 in Yagder serratus, a new eyeless weevil from Mexico and the non-monophyly of Brachycerinae, the evolutionary twilight zone of true weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 4. Eyeless and nearly eyeless brachycerine weevils, habitus. A tip of a regular mechanical pencil with a 0.5 mm lead is added for size comparison. All images are to scale.

Fig. 2 in Yagder serratus, a new eyeless weevil from Mexico and the non-monophyly of Brachycerinae, the evolutionary twilight zone of true weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 2. Yagder serratus gen. & sp. nov., details. A–C – rostral apex, dorsal (A), left lateral (B), ventral (C); D – head, left lateral; E–F – left antenna, lateral (E), distal part magnified (F); G–I – tarsi, left front leg (G–H), left middle leg (I); J – elytral apex; K–L – dissected female abdominal apex, ventral (K) and right latero-ventral (L).

Fig. 5 in Yagder serratus, a new eyeless weevil from Mexico and the non-monophyly of Brachycerinae, the evolutionary twilight zone of true weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 5. Eyeless and nearly eyeless brachycerine weevils, details. A – Alaocyba sp. (10826), anterior body, left lateral; B – Homosomus depressus Richard, 1979, anterior body, left lateral; C – Raymondiellus sp. (10827), left middle leg, anterior; D – Bordoniola sp. (10330), left antenna, lateral; E – Bordoniola sp. (10331), head, left lateral; F – Himasthlophallus flagellifer Egorov & Zherikhin, 1991, anterior body, left lateral.

Fig. 1 in Yagder serratus, a new eyeless weevil from Mexico and the non-monophyly of Brachycerinae, the evolutionary twilight zone of true weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 1. Yagder serratus gen. & sp. nov., habitus, dorsal (A), ventral (B) and left fronto-lateral (C).

Fig. 6 in Yagder serratus, a new eyeless weevil from Mexico and the non-monophyly of Brachycerinae, the evolutionary twilight zone of true weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 6. Maximum Likelihood inference phylogram positioning Yagder serratus gen. & sp. within non-monophyletic Brachycerinae. Note non-monophyly of Raymondionymini. Black lines denote eyeless or nearly eyeless terminals and clades. Digits at internodes are bootstrap values>85%.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2003View details →

Figure 1 in A new theoretical approach for the study of monophyly of the Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) and its impact on the Anomura

Figure 1. Synapomorphy "d" supports the inclusion of the Podotremata (P) in the Brachyura, while the use of less generalized synapomorphies (a, b) in the definition will result in the exclusion of the Podotremata from the Brachyura. Synapomorphies: a, female sexual opening on thoracic sternite 6; b, presence of sella turcica; c, paired spermatheca; d, intertagmal phragma fused with thoracic interosternite 8/7 (pers. obs.). Other abbreviations: H, Heterotremata; Th, Thoracotremata. Figure 2. Assumption 1: both the Brachyura (H + Th + P) and Podotremata (P) are monophyletic. Under assumption 1 it makes no sense to search for the "lower limit" of the Brachyura. Synapomorphies and abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Figure 3. Assumption 2: Brachyura (H + Th + P) monophyletic; Podotremata (P) not monophyletic. Under assumption 2 it becomes meaningful to search for the sister taxa of the Heterotremata + Thoracotremata clade. Synapomorphies and abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Figure 4. Assumption 3: Brachyura (H + Th + P) not monophyletic; Podotremata (P) monophyletic. Under assumption 3 searching for the "lower limit" of the Brachyura among the Podotremata makes no sense. Synapomorphies and abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Figure 5. Assumption 4: both Brachyura (H + Th + P) and Podotremata (P) not monophyletic. According to corollary 1 searching for the sister taxa of the Heterotremata + Thoracotremata clade and searching for the most basal branch of the brachyuran clade becomes truly relevant. Note that one set of the Podotremata is positioned as paraphyletic complex closely related to the Heterotremata + Thoracotremata clade (H-Th). Synapomorphies and abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Figure 6. Assumption 4; corollary 2. Searching for the most basal branch of the brachyuran clade ("the lower limit") among the Podotremata is completely meaningless. Note that none of the Podotremata (P) is closely related to the Heterotremata + Thoracotremata clade; all form a paraphyletic complex more closely related to some other group of decapods. Synapomorphies and abbreviations as in Fig. 1.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2014View details →

Fig. 3 in Miniature catfishes of the genus Gelanoglanis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): monophyly and the description of a new species from the upper rio Tapajós basin, Brazil

Fig. 3. Map of southeastern Amazon basin showing location of type locality of Gelanoglanis pan, 1 = rio Tapajós, 2 = rio Teles Pires, 3 = rio Juruena.