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Fig. 3. A–H in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 3. A–H. Lepidometopus platycephalus from life (A–D) and after silver carbonate impregnation (E–H). Asterisks mark the strongly flattened preoral dome (A–C, E). Opposed arrowheads denote cortex and epicortical scale layer (A, C, D). A, B, E. Ventro- (A, B) and dorsolateral (E) overviews, showing general body organization. C. Detail of anterior body portion. D. Detail of posterior body end, showing the single elongated caudal cilium. F. Lateral view, showing somatic ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. G, H. Dorsolateral views of anterior body portion, showing the oral ciliary pattern, the perizonal stripe, and the nuclear apparatus. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; CC – caudal cilium; CV – contractile vacuole; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; PM – paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe; SK – somatic kineties; SC – somatic cilia. Scale bars: 10 µm (C, G, H) and 20 µm (A, B, D–F).

Fig. 1 in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 1. Various views of semi-schematized anterior body portion of Lepidometopus. Opposed arrowheads mark the strongly flattened distal portion of the preoral dome. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids (black); PS – perizonal stripe (grey); SS – side stripe.

Fig. 2. A–V in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 2. A–V. Lepidometopus platycephalus from life (A, D, F–I), after silver carbonate (B, C) and protargol (J–V) impregnation, and in the SEM (E). A. Ventrolateral view of a representative specimen, length 45 µm. Arrows denote left side cilia; arrowhead marks the distally tapered caudal cilium. B. The perizonal stripe is composed of five rows: the first three rows are arranged more closely than the two last rows whose dikinetids are slightly shifted, providing the stripe with a staggered appearance. C. The oral ciliature consists of an average of 11 adoral polykinetids and a paroral membrane optically intersecting the adoral zone. D. Optical section showing the epicortical layer. E. Epicortical scales have various shapes and are about 1.25 × 0.45 µm in size. F–I. Body perspectives. J, O–V. Variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus. Dashed line delimits the strongly flattened anterior body portion. Drawn to scale. K–N. Dorso- and ventrolateral views of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of the holotype (K, L) and of a paratype (M, N) specimen. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; CP – cytopharynx; CV – contractile vacuole; LE – lepidosomes; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PS (1–5) – perizonal stripe (rows); SC – somatic cilium; SK – somatic kineties. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figs 10 A–C. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 10 A–C. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – venral view of a very late divider showing infraciliature and parental cirri (arrows); B, C – ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the proter just after division showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus, parental cirri (arrows) and newly formed caudal cirri (arrowheads). 1, 5, 6 – dorsal kinety 1, 5, 6, E – endoral membrane, LMR – left marginal row, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 4A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 4A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of a representative specimen showing infraciliature and macronuclear nodules (arrows); B – ventral view of cell with two pretransverse ventral cirri (arrows), one additional ventral cirrus (doublearrowhead), and three frontal cirri (arrowheads); C – ventral view of cell, showing infraciliature, macronuclear nodules and micronuclei (arrows), buccal cirrus (arrowhead), and distal end of adoral zone (double-arrowhead); D – anterior part of specimen in dorsal view, showing dorsal kineties. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, CC – caudal cirri, E – endoral membrane, FVC – frontoventral cirri, 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, LMR – left marginal row, P – paroral membrane, PTVC– pretransverse ventral cirri, PVC– postoral ventral cirri, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 9A–H. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 9A–H. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of middle part of an early divider, showing oral primordium; B, C – ventral view of proter (B) and opisthe (C) of the same middle divider, showing the formation of frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen in proter and opisthe, and anlagen of marginal rows (arrows), and dedifferentiation of anterior end of undulating membranes (arrowhead); D – ventral infraciliature of a proter of a middle divider, showing frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen beginning to organize into new cirri from anterior (arrows) and a small anlage separating from anterior right end of undulating membranes anlagen (arrowhead); E – part of a middle divider in dorsal view, showing fused macronuclear mass (arrow); F – ventral infraciliature of the same divider as in E, showing development of anlagen of the leftmost frontal cirrus (arrowheads), and frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen (arrows); G – ventral infraciliature of a middle-late divider, showing frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen segregating into new cirri (arrows), the anlage of the leftmost frontal cirrus separating from undulating membrane anlagen (arrowheads), and fused macronuclear mass; H – ventral infraciliature of a late divider, showing the formation of anlagen of dorsomarginal kineties at anterior right end of right marginal rows anlagen (arrows) and anterior part of newly formed adoral zone of membranelles curving to right in the opisthe, frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen II – VI segregating into 3, 3, 3, 4 and 4 cirri, the leftmost frontal cirrus originated from undulating membranes anlagen (arrowheads). DKA – dorsal kinety anlage, LMA – anlage of left marginal row, OP – oral primordium, RMA – anlagen of right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 6A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A, B in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 6A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A, B – ventral (A) and dorsal (B) infraciliature of the same very late divider, showing parental cirri (arrows) and newly formed caudal cirri at posterior ends of first, second and fourth dorsal kineties (arrowheads); C, D – ventral (C) and dorsal (D) infraciliature of the proter just after division showing two macronuclear nodules, one micronucleus, parental cirri (arrows), and newly formed caudal cirri at the posterior ends of first, second and fourth dorsal kineties (arrowheads). 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, Mi – micronucleus, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 8A–M. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 8A–M. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of a representative specimen showing infraciliature; B – plumper cell showing pharyngeal fibers (arrowhead), macronuclear nodules, and micronuclei (arrows); C, L – ventral infraciliature of the same cell with additional ventral cirrus (arrow); D –ventral view of middle part of a specimen with 4 postoral ventral cirri; E – anterior part of the same cell as in A, showing hooked anterior end of paroral membrane (arrow) and three enlarged frontal cirri (arrowheads); F, G – the same individual showing ventral ciliature and ingested ciliate (arrow, Aspidisca sp.); H – details of buccal apparatus showing endoral membrane and the structure of adoral membranelles; I – macronuclear nodules composed of many small nucleoi and micronuclei (arrows); J, M – ventral view of anterior part of cell, showing cirri associated with fibers; K – ventral view of posterior part of cell, showing left and right marginal rows terminating respectively at posterior end and at level of right transverse cirrus (arrows), and caudal cirri (arrowheads). AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; E – endoral membrane, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 3A–Q. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 3A–Q. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of specimen with two frontal cirri, showing micronuclei (arrows) and caudal cirri (arrowhead); B – right lateral view showing several parental cirri (arrow); C – ventral view of a specimen with two additional ventral cirri ahead of transverse cirri; D, F – ventral view of anterior part of an individual with two frontoventral cirri; E, G – ventral view of anterior part of a cell with three frontoventral and two postoral ventral cirri (arrowheads); H – ventral view of cell with several parental cirri (arrow), and single postoral ventral cirrus (arrowhead); I – ventral view of middle part of cell, showing oral primordium; J – ventral view of a cell just after division, showing anteriorly placed postoral ventral cirrus (arrow); K – dorsal view of a cell, showing dorsal kineties and macronuclear nodules; L – ventral view of posterior part of specimen with four transverse cirri; M – ventral view of middle part of cell, showing cirri associated with fibres; N – ventral view of middle part of a cell, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow) and parental cirri (arrowhead); O – dorsal view of anterior part of a cell, showing dorsal kineties and associated cortical granules; P, Q – ventral views of posterior part of cell, showing caudal cirri (arrows). DK – dorsal kinety, E – endoral membrane, FC – frontal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodule, Mi – micronucleus, P – paroral membrane, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 2A–H. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life. A, B in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 2A–H. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life. A, B – ventral view of different cells; C – a contracted cell, showing contractile vacuole; D – part of cell in dorsal view, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canals (arrow); E, F – ventral views of anterior (E) and posterior (F) parts of the same cell, showing arrangement of cortical granules; G – plumper individual, showing cortical granules (arrowheads) and macronuclear nodules; H – part of cell in dorsal view showing spherical contractile vacuole and arrangement of cortical granules. CV – contractile vacuole, FC – frontal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodule, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 60 μm.

Figs 1A–L in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 1A–L. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–L). A – ventral view of a representative individual; B – arrangement of cortical granules on ventral side; C – shape of contractile vacuole; D – arrangement of cortical granules on dorsal side; E – posterior part of cell in ventral view, showing 2 pretransverse ventral cirri (arrowheads) and two additional ventral cirri ahead of transverse cirri (arrows); F – posterior part of cell in ventral view, showing 2 pretransverse ventral cirri (encircled by broken line) and caudal cirri (arrows); G, H – ventral (G) and dorsal (H) infraciliature of the same specimen, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow in G), caudal cirri at the posterior end of dorsal kinety 4 (arrow in H), and frontal cirri (arrowheads in G); I – anterior half of cell in ventral view, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow) and several parental ventral cirri (arrowhead); J – part of ventral infraciliature, showing micronuclei (arrows), frontoventral cirri (arrowheads), 2 postoral ventral cirri (double-arrowhead), and several parental ventral cirri (connected by broken line); K, L – ventral (K) and dorsal (L) infraciliature of the same specimen, showing caudal cirri (arrows in K), macronuclear nodules (arrows in L), frontal cirri (arrowheads in K), and micronuclei (arrowheads in L). 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC – buccal cirrus, CR – cirral row, DB – dorsal bristle, E – endoral membrane, FVC – frontoventral cirri, FVR – frontoventral row, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 80 μm (A), 40 μm (I, G, H, J–L), 20 μm (E, F).

Figs 7A–I. Notohymena australis from life. A, G in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 7A–I. Notohymena australis from life. A, G – ventral view of the same cell, showing flexible body, contractile vacuole, ingested algae (arrow) and macronuclear nodules; B, C, D – ventral view of individuals in different states, showing hooked anterior end of peristomial lip (arrow); E, I – view of portion of cell, showing the arrangement of yellow-greenish cortical granules, and dorsal cilia (arrows in E and arrowheads in I); F – macronuclear nodules, micronuclei (arrows) and cortical granules (arrowheads); H – dorsal view of a curved cell, showing cortical granules grouped in lines. CV – contractile vacuole, Ma – macronuclear nodule, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 5A–G. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 5A–G. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of an early divider, showing oral primordium; B, C – ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same middle divider, showing the formation of frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen in proter and opisthe, and anlagen of marginal rows (arrows), dedifferentiation of anterior end of undulating membranes (arrowheads), and undulating membrane anlagen in opisthe (double-arrowhead); D, E – ventral infraciliature of two middle dividers, showing frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen beginning to organize into new cirri from anterior (arrowheads) and a small anlage separating from anterior right end of undulating membrane anlagen (arrows), insets: fused macronucleus; F, G – ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same late divider, showing the formation of anlgen of dorsomarginal kineties at anterior right end of right marginal rows anlagen (arrows in F), frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen II – VI segregating into 3, 3, 3, 4 and 4 cirri, the leftmost frontal cirrus originated from undulating membranes anlagen (arrowheads), and development of dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows in G). 1–4 – dorsal kinety 1–4, LMA – anlage of left marginal row, OP – oral primordium, RMA – anlagen of right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Fig. 7 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Numbers at the nodes represent the bootstrap values of ML analyses and posterior probability of BI analyses. Fully supported (100%/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. Asterisk (*) represents support values less than 50% and the disagreement between BI and the reference ML tree. The scale bar corresponds to two substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. The newly sequenced species in the present study is shown in bold.

Fig. 4 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 4. Divisional morphogenesis in Tachysoma pellionellum (after protargol staining). (A, B) Ventral views of an early divider. Note the basal bodies in the oral primordium forming an elongated field; arrowheads show the postoral ventral cirri which remain intact only for a short time. (C, D) Ventral views of an early divider. Arrowheads show the developing FVT-anlagen. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of a divider in early divisional stage. In E, arrow marks the old paroral which is dedifferentiating, double-arrowheads shows the UM-anlage formed to the right of the oral primordium as a long streak of basal bodies and arrowhead indicates the right marginal row anlagen developing intrakinetally; in F, arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4 in the dividing cell. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal view of a divider in early divisional stage. In G, arrows show the first frontal cirri separating from the undulating membranes anlagen; arrowheads mark the left marginal row anlagen developing intrakinetally; in H, arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4 in the dividing cell. DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; II–VI, frontoventral–transverse cirral anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronucleus; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlage. Scale bars: 15 µm (A, C) and 35 µm (B, D, E–H).

Fig. 1 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 1. Map of North America (the background from Google earth) showing the sampling sites. (A, B) Map showing Stone Mountain State Park, North Carolina, USA. (C, D), where Tachysoma pellionellum was collected.

Fig. 6 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–I). (A–C) Opisthe's oral primordium at early dividers. (D) Proter's oral primordium. (E, F) Fontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen of early dividers. (G) A later divider showing the completion of development of oral primordium and cirral anlagen, arrows and arrow show newly formed ventral and frontal cirri respectively in the opisthe. (H, I) The same late divider showing the posterior part of adoral zone of membranelles (arrowheads) and the longest dorsal kinety 3 (arrows). AZM1, the anterior part of adoral zone of membranelles; CA, cirral anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; OP, opisthe's oral primordium; POP, proter's oral primordium; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 7 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic tree inferred by ML and BI of SSU rRNA gene sequences. Numbers near branches denote ML bootstraps value/BI posterior probability value. '*' indicates topology that differ between ML and BI phylogenies. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. GenBank accession numbers are given for each species. Classification is mainly according to Lynn (2008).

Fig. 3 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Tachysoma pellionellum in vivo (A–D) and after protargol staining (E–H). (A–D) Ventral views of typical individuals; arrow in Fig. B marks the contractile vacuole, arrows in Fig. C show the refringent globules and arrowheads demonstrate the dorsal cilia. (E) Ventral view of the infraciliature; showing the frontoventral (in rectangle) and postoral ventral cirri (in circle). (F) Ventral view of anterior portion of infraciliature. (G) Ventral view of posterior portion of infraciliature, showing the pretransverse ventral cirri (dashed line). (H) Dorsal view of the infraciliature, showing the dorsal kineties (arrowheads). AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; Scale bars: 55 µm (A), 35 µm (E) and 15 µm (F, G).

Fig. 2 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 2. Morphology of Tachysoma pellionellum from life (A–C) and after protargol staining (D–F). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Detail of cell, arrows indicate the refringent globules and arrowhead shows the food vacuole. (D) Detailed ventral view of the anterior region, showing the frontoventral (in rectangle) and postoral ventral cirri (in ellipse). (E, F) Ciliature of ventral and dorsal side and nuclear apparatus, the dashed ellipse depicts the postoral ventral cirri; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–6, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 40 µm.