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915 results for “morphological evolution”
Fig. 4 in What Morphology and Molecules Tell Us about the Evolution of Oligotrichea (Alveolata, Ciliophora)
Fig. 4. Evolution of kinetid structures in the somatic ciliature of choreotrichid ciliates. The aloricate taxa have only one kinetid type, except for Leegaardiella elbraechteri and Lynnella. Tintinnids with ventral organelles have two (Tintinnidium, subgenus Tintinnidium), rarely one (Tintinnopsis cylindrata, Membranicola) or three (Tintinnidium, subgenus Semitintinnidium) kinetid types. Extant tintinnids with a ventral kinety have some dikinetids with two cilia and many monokinetids or some dikinetids with two cilia, some dikinetids with one cilium, and many monokinetids.
Fig. 1 in What Morphology and Molecules Tell Us about the Evolution of Oligotrichea (Alveolata, Ciliophora)
Fig. 1. Hypothetical evolution of oligotrichid somatic ciliary patterns (0–IV, VI, VII, after Agatha 2011b; V, VIII–XIV, originals; protargol impregnation). Small arrows mark orientation of kineties (posterior to anterior). Arrowheads denote dorsal breaks in girdle kinety. Dotted arrows mark the tontoniid evolution. Dotted circles denote position of oral primordium in early dividers. Type 0 – dorsal kineties of hypotrich-like ancestor; Type I – strombidiid Parallelostrombidium; Type II – strombidiid Novistrombidium and tontoniid Tontonia; Type III – strombidiid Spirostrombidium; Type IV – strombidiid Omegastrombidium; Type V – strombidiid Strombidium, pelagostrombidiid Limnostrombidium, and tontoniid Pseudotontonia; Type VI – tontoniid Paratontonia; Type VII – tontoniids Laboea and Spirotontonia; Type VIII – strombidiid Foissneridium; Type IX – strombidiid Opisthostrombidium; Type X – cyrtostrombidiid Cyrtostrombidium; Type XI – strombi- diid Williophrya; Type XII – strombidiid Apostrombidium; Type XIII – hypothetic stage; Type XIV – strombidiid Varistrombidium. EX – extrusome attachment sites, GK – girdle kinety, OP – oral primordium, VK – ventral kinety.
Fig. 3 in What Morphology and Molecules Tell Us about the Evolution of Oligotrichea (Alveolata, Ciliophora)
Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood tree of the Choreotrichida inferred from small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences (138 taxa and 1859 nucleotide positions) aligned with the Muscle algorithm (Edgar 2004) implemented in MEGA ver. 5.1 (Tamura et al. 2011). The alignment is available upon request. The tree was computed with RAxML (Stamatakis et al. 2008) and the datasets were bootstrap re-sampled 100 times. Support values are listed at the nodes. The second values at the nodes represent the posterior probability values of a Bayesian Inference analysis performed with MrBayes (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). Values below 50% and 0.5, respectively, are represented by dashes. Branches with unambiguously clustered taxa are collapsed, species of the genus Tintinnopsis grouped in 5 different clades numbered I–V. Most common lorica structures: – hyaline; – entirely agglomerated; – composed of hyaline collar and agglomerated bowl; * – after Kofoid and Campbell (1929) a synonym of Codonella cratera; ** – does not correspond with the redescription of Agatha and Riedel-Lorjé (2006); *** – possibly incorrectly identified, might be Dadayiella acutiformis; **** – invalid taxon, very likely a replacement lorica (see text).
Heterogeneous selectivity and morphological evolution of marine clades during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction
<p>This is a supplementary repository, including the dataset and codes we used in this manuscript. we developed a new method, called DeepMorph to analyze the morphological evolution of six marine clades (i.e., ammonoids, bivalves, brachiopods, gastropods, ostracods, and conodonts ) during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction events. The taxonomy dataset was uploaded and contains 599 genera and 656 images, spanning from the latest Permian (Changhsingian) to the earliest Triassic (Induan). </p>
Competition and geography underlie speciation and morphological evolution in Indo-Australasian monitor lizards
<p>How biotic and abiotic factors act together to shape biological diversity is a major question in evolutionary biology. The recent availability of large datasets and development of new methodological approaches provide new tools to evaluate the predicted effects of ecological interactions and geography on lineage diversification and phenotypic evolution. Here, we use a near complete phylogenomic-scale phylogeny and a comprehensive morphological dataset comprising more than a thousand specimens to assess the role of biotic and abiotic processes in the diversification of monitor lizards (Varanidae). This charismatic group of lizards shows striking variation in species richness among its clades and multiple instances of endemic radiation in Indo-Australasia (i.e., the Indo-Australian Archipelago and Australia), one of Earth's most biogeographically complex regions. We found heterogeneity in diversification dynamics across the family. Idiosyncratic biotic and geographic conditions appear to have driven diversification and morphological evolution in three endemic Indo-Australasian radiations. Furthermore, incumbency effects partially explain patterns in the biotic exchange between Australia and New Guinea. Our results offer insight into the dynamic history of Indo-Australasia, the evolutionary significance of competition, and the long-term consequences of incumbency effects.</p>
FIG. 12 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 12. — Intuitive phylogenetic tree based on carapace morphologies as outlined in the present study and on data from McLaughlin et al.(2007) and Fraaije et al.(2019). Important synapomorphies include the following: 1, cylindrical carapace; 2, cervical and branchial grooves widely separated; 3, arrow-shaped gastric region; 4, cervical groove not extending to lateral border; 5, intragastric grooves; 6, Y-linea; 7, spinose posterolateral borders.
FIG. 9 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 9. — Changes in taxonomic composition amongst paguroid assemblages within reefal settings during the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian and Tithonian) and mid-Cretaceous (Albian) compared to modern faunas. Grey, Gastrodoridae; orange, cylindrical carapace; blue, non-cylindrical carapace.
FIG. 2 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 2. — Branchial condensation in representatives of the families Parapylochelidae (A, B), Gastrodoridae (C), Xylopaguridae (D, E) and Pylojacquesidae (F).
FIG. 5 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 5. — Isochelous chelae of Schobertella simonsenetlangi Schweigert, Fraaije, Havlik & Nützel, 2013 (SMNS 70555, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany, from the Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian) Amaltheenton Formation of Iggingen near Aalen, southwestern Germany. Scale bars: 5 mm.
FIG. 1 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 1. — Branchial condensation in basal paguroid genera: A, Platykotta Chablais, Feldmann & Schweitzer, 2011; B, Schobertella Schweigert, Fraaije, Havlik & Nützel, 2013; C, Eopaguropsis Fraaije, Krzemiński, Van Bakel, Krzemińska & Jagt, 2012.
FIG. 8 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 8. — Schobertella simonsenetlangi Schweigert, Fraaije, Havlik & Nützel, 2013 (SMNS 70555; see also Fig. 5), from the Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian) Amaltheenton Formation of Iggingen near Aalen, southwestern Germany: (A) showing new details of shield morphology, compared to Eopaguropsis nidiaquilae Fraaije, Krzemiński, Van Bakel, Krzemińska & Jagt, 2012 (B) (see Fraaije et al. 2012c: fig. 2d). Scale bars: 10 mm.
FIG. 4 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 4. — Changes in the massetic regions through time; from the Late Jurassic Annuntidiogenes jurassicus Fraaije, 2014 (A) to the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian) Annuntidiogenes worfi Fraaije, van Bakel, Jagt, Klompmaker & Artal, 2009 (B) and extant Paguristes sp. (C).
FIG. 3 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 3. — Reduction of rostral length during the Late Jurassic in representatives of the families Gastrodoridae (A), Parapylochelidae (B) and Pylochelidae (C).
FIG. 7 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 7. — The oldest example of heterochelous paguroid claws from the Upper Jurassic of the Wimereux area (Boulonnais, northwestern France); an individual preserved in situ in the internal mould of a Vetigastropoda (private collection of Mr Gilles Dron). The maximum diameter of the gastropod is about 7 cm.
FIG. 11 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 11. — Paguropsids (Paguropsidae n. fam) through time, from the Oxfordian Eopaguropsis Fraaije, Krzemiński, Van Bakel. Krzemińska & Jagt, 2012 (A), via the Tithonian Eopaguropsis (B) to extant Paguropsis Lemaitre, Rahayu & Komai, 2018 (C).
FIG. 6 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 6. — Isochelous chelae of paguroids from the middle Callovian of Poitou, France: A, specimen UP/CGL.12.10 (UP = Université de Poitiers, CGL = Calcaires de Gratte-Loup). B, specimen UP/CGL.12.11. Photographs: Philippe Loubry. Scale bars: 10 mm.
FIG. 10 in The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: a state-of-the-art-report
FIG. 10. — Transition from the Gastrodoridae to the Probeebeidae,featuring branchial condensation, reduction of rostrum, reduction of ornament on shield, inflation of posterior carapace, reduction of delineation of cardiac and reduction of midline carapace crest: A, Gastrodorus; B, Probeebei; C, Labidochirus; D, Tylaspis; E, Tisea.
Supplementary files for, 'Developmental morphology and anatomy shed light on both parallel and convergent evolution of the umbellate inflorescence in Monocots, underlied by a new variant of metatopy.'
<p>Supplementary file for forth coming manuscript. Consists of Pre-processed microscopy images, FiJI readable annotated stacks and raw laser ablation tomography video data</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>MainFigures.zip </p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .zip, individual images in .bmp format.</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> Picolay output of main figure panels.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>Supplementary_File_1</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .MOV (video)</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> Movie 1 LAT scan of <em>Butomus umbellatus</em></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>Supplementary_File_2</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .AVI (video)</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> Three-dimensional reconstruction of <em>Butomus umbellatus</em> inflorescence</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>Supplementary_File_3</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .MOV (video)</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> Movie 3 Three-dimensional reconstruction of <em>Butomus umbellatus</em> vasculature</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>Supplementary_File_4</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .TIFF (Can be opened in FIJI)</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> <em>Butomus</em> <em>umbellatus </em>vasculature composite tiff file</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>Supplementary_File_5</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .MOV (video)</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> LAT scan of O<em>rnithogalum umbellatum</em></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>Supplementary_File_6</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .TIFF (Can be opened in FIJI)</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> <em>Ornithogalum umbellatum</em> vasculature tiff file (Can be opened in FIJI)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File name: </strong>Supplementary_File_7</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> .MOV (video)</p> <p><strong>Description of data:</strong> LAT scan of <em>Allium hollandicum</em> inflorescence</p>
Data: Physical constraints on thermoregulation and flight drive morphological evolution in bats
<p>Body size and shape fundamentally determine organismal energy requirements by modulating heat and mass exchange with the environment and the costs of locomotion, thermoregulation, and maintenance. Ecologists have long used the physical linkage between morphology and energy balance to explain why the body size and shape of many organisms vary across climatic gradients, e.g., why larger endotherms are more common in colder regions. However, few modeling exercises have aimed at investigating this link from first principles. Body size evolution in bats contrasts with the patterns observed in other endotherms, probably because physical constraints on flight limit morphological adaptations. Here, we develop a biophysical model based on heat transfer and aerodynamic principles to investigate energy constraints on morphological evolution in bats. Our biophysical model predicts that the energy costs of thermoregulation and flight, respectively, impose upper and lower limits on the relationship of wing surface area to body mass (S-MR), giving rise to an optimal S-MR at which both energy costs are minimized. A comparative analysis of 278 species of bats supports the model’s prediction that S-MR evolves toward an optimal shape and that the strength of selection is higher among species experiencing greater energy demands for thermoregulation in cold climates. Our study suggests that energy costs modulate the mode of morphological evolution in bats—hence shedding light on a long-standing debate over bats’ conformity to ecogeographical patterns observed in other mammals—and offers a procedure for investigating complex macroecological patterns from first principles.</p>
Data from: Mosaic evolution underlies feliform morphological disparity
<p>Constraint is a fundamental concept in evolutionary theory. Morphology and ecology both are limited by functional, historical, and developmental factors to a subset of the theoretical range species could occupy. Cat-like carnivorans (Feliformia) offer a unique opportunity to investigate phenotypic constraint, as several feliform clades are purported to be limited to generalized ecomorphological roles, while others possessing extremely specialized durophagous (bone-crushing) and sabertooth morphology. We investigated the evolutionary history of feliforms by considering their phylogeny, morphological disparity and rates of evolution. We recover results that show a mosaic pattern exists in the degree of morphological disparity per anatomical region per clade and ecology. Non-hypercarnivores, such as viverrids (civets and genets), Malagasy euplerids and lophocyonids (extinct hypocarnivores) have the greatest dental disparity, while hypercarnivores (felids, nimravids, many hyaenids) have the lowest dental disparity but highest cranial and mandibular disparity (excluding dentition). However, high disparity is not necessarily associated with high rates of evolution, but instead with ecological radiations. We reveal that relationships between specialization and disparity are not as simple as past research has concluded. Instead, morphological disparity results from an anatomical mosaic of evolution, where different ecologies correlate with and likely channel unique patterns/combinations of disparity per anatomical partition.</p>
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