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101 results for “moult”
Data from: Retrogressive moulting in khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
<p><span class="Dummy">Insect larvae typically moult to grow, but here we investigate insect larvae that moult to shrink; that is, retrogressive moulting or retrogressive development. We demonstrate this phenomenon in the khapra beetle, </span><em><span class="fi">Trogoderma granarium</span></em><span class="Dummy"> Everts (Dermestidae), among the world's most invasive pests of stored grains and cereal products, and a quarantine pest of interest for many countries. Larvae survived a 3‐month period of starvation, moulting up to six times and reducing their body mass by about half, on average. When reprovisioned with food, most larvae resumed the normal trajectory of development and pupated within a month. Thus, retrogressive development is a mechanism that may favour species whose resources exhibit feast‐or‐famine dynamics. By enabling survival during periods of privation, retrogressive development contributes to the invasiveness of the khapra beetle by allowing them to persist for long periods in empty storage facilities or empty containers used for international grain shipments.</span></p>
A quantitative assessment of ontogeny and moulting in a Cambrian radiodont and the evolution of arthropod development
<p>Radiodonta is a clade of stem euarthropods of central importance to our understanding of the evolution of this phylum. Radiodonts include some of the largest early Paleozoic animals, however little is known about their ontogeny. We present an analysis of moulting patterns and ontogeny in the radiodont <em>Stanleycaris</em> based on 263 exceptionally preserved specimens from the mid-Cambrian (Wuliuan) Burgess Shale. Ranging in size from 10 to 83mm, this constitutes the most extensive radiodont ontogenetic series known. Using a novel morphospace approach, we show that putative carcasses and exuviae can be quantitatively distinguished by the particular suites of structures preserved and their modes of preservation. We propose that <em>Stanleycaris</em>, and probably other radiodonts, moulted via a suture near the anterior of the trunk. Similar anterior moulting strategies, with a suture located at the head-trunk boundary, are shared with some Cambrian euarthropods and are potentially ancestral. Allometric analyses suggest that as <em>Stanleycaris</em> body size increases, the head sclerite and neck become relatively broader, while the trunk and flaps become slightly longer. The eyes developed precociously indicating an important role of visual processing in juveniles. Finally, we find evidence for an initial anamorphic developmental phase, where segment number increases at least from 11 or 12 up to 17, followed by an epimorphic phase, in which growth continued without segment addition. This is consistent with the hypothesis that finite post-embryonic segment addition (hemianamorphosis) is ancestral for arthropods and refines the timing of the origin of this important developmental mode. </p>
A quantitative assessment of ontogeny and moulting in a Cambrian radiodont and the evolution of arthropod development
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Data from: Retrogressive moulting in khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
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Data and code from: Delayed post-juvenile moult in malaria-infected Eurasian blackcaps
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Data from: Geographic differences in the phenology of gonadal development and moult, but not of egg laying, are genetically based in a small songbird
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Data from: The transcriptional landscape of seasonal coat colour moult in the snowshoe hare
Seasonal coat colour change is an important adaptation to seasonally changing environments but the evolution of this and other circannual traits remains poorly understood. In this study we use gene expression to understand seasonal coat colour moulting in wild snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). We used hair colour to follow the progression of the moult, simultaneously sampling skin from three moulting stages in hares collected during the peak of the spring moult from white winter to brown summer pelage. Using RNA-sequencing, we tested if patterns of expression were consistent with predictions based on the established phases of the hair growth cycle. We found functionally consistent clustering across skin types, with 766 genes differentially expressed between moult stages. "White" pelage showed more differentially expressed genes that were upregulated relative to other skin types, involved in the transition between late telogen (quiescent stage) and the onset of anagen (proliferative stage). Skin samples from transitional "intermediate" and "brown" pelage were transcriptionally similar and resembled the regressive transition to catagen (regressive stage). We also detected differential expression of several key circadian clock and pigmentation genes, providing important means to dissect the bases of alternate seasonal colour morphs. Our results reveal that pelage colour is a useful biomarker for seasonal change but that there is a consistent lag between the main gene expression waves and change in visible coat colour. These experiments establish that developmental sampling from natural populations of non-model organisms can provide a crucial resource to dissect the genetic basis and evolution of complex seasonally changing traits.
Data for: Marking through moults: An evaluation of visible implant elastomer to permanently mark individuals in a lower termite species
<p class="FirstParagraph">1. Advances in individual marking methods have facilitated detailed studies of animal populations and behaviour as they allow tracking of individuals through time and space. Hemimetabolous insects, representing a wide range of commonly-used model organisms, present a unique challenge to individual marking as they are not only generally small-bodied, but also moult throughout development, meaning that traditional surface marks are not persistent.</p> <p class="FirstParagraph">2. Visible implant elastomer (VIE) offers a potential solution as small amounts of the inert polymer can be implanted under the skin or cuticle of an animal. VIE has proved useful for individually marking fish, crustaceans and amphibians in both field and laboratory studies, and has recently been successfully trialled in laboratory populations of worms and fly larvae. We trialled VIE in the single-piece nesting termite <i>Zootermopsis angusticollis</i>, a small hemimetabolous insect.</p> <p class="FirstParagraph">3. We found that there was no effect of VIE on survival and that marks persisted following moulting. However, we found some evidence that marked termites performed less allogrooming and trophallaxis than controls, although effect sizes were very small.</p> <p class="FirstParagraph">4. Our study suggests that VIE is an effective technique for marking small hemimetabolous insects like termites but we advocate that caution is applied, particularly when behavioural observation is important.</p>
Figure 5 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 5 (continued on next page). Sequential but not consecutive frames from a 30fps video clip showing the approach of the male and mating by this cohabiting Telamonia dimidiata pair. 1-3, Approach by male.
Figure 4 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 4 (continued on next page). Cohabiting male and female Telamonia dimidiata. 1, Male guarding penultimate female. 2, Male near adult female after molt. 3, Male approaching female. 4-5, Mating. 6, Male near female after mating for ~90s. Some images (1-2) were composited to show both spiders in focus.
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 16-20, Male moving about in the vicinity of the female. 21, Female in thin silk shelter (resting sac or retreat) on the next day. Both sexes construct temporary nocturnal retreats like this one (Ahmed et al. 2019).
Figure 4 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 4 (continued from previous page). Cohabiting male and female Telamonia dimidiata. 12, Female with exuvium in shelter after mating. 13-15, Female in or near shelter during the two days after mating.
Figure 3 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 3 (continued from previous page). Female Telamonia dimidiata with their broods. 5, Female near one entrance to her brood sac (at right). 6-10, Female attending her brood. 6, After this initial observation, this female was disturbed and left her sac to jump down. Her dragline was accidentally severed and she was not seen in the vicinity for 3 days. 7, Female at center of brood sac several days later, after her return to the site. 8, Female outside of her brood sac, near one of the two entrances (upper right). 9, Female after return to center of brood sac. Note entrance at the bottom of the sac. 10, Detail from (9). Note presence of egg shell fragments in the tubular chamber in front of the female (at top, center).
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 2 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 10-15, Male moving about in the vicinity of the female.
Figure 1 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 1. Recently moulted female Telamonia dimidiata suspended from her dragline, below her exuvium and
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 2 (continued on next page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 2-4, Male moving down to female exuvium. 5-7, Male climbing down to leaf occupied by female. 8-9, Male under leaf with female.
Figure 5 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 5 (continued from previous page). Sequential but not consecutive frames from a hand-held 30 fps (640 x 360 pixel) video clip of the approach of the male and mating by this cohabiting Telamonia dimidiata pair. 4-8, Approach by male. 9-15, Mating. The opisthosoma of the female was rotated to allow mating on the left side.
Figure 4 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 4 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Cohabiting and mating Telamonia dimidiata. 7-9, Male near female after mating. 10-11, Female with exuvium in shelter after mating.
Figure 3 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 3 (continued on next page). Female Telamonia dimidiata with their broods. 1, End-on view of female in tubular central chamber surrounded by her brood. Note the well-developed eye pigment of the instar I (hatchling) spiderlings. No egg shell fragments are visible. 2-5, View of a different brood sac containing spiderlings (2), and female near one entrance of this brood sac accompanied by several instar II (emergent) spiderlings (3-5). These have longer legs than instar I spiderlings.
Figure 3 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka
Figure 3 (continued from previous page). Female Telamonia dimidiata with their broods. 5, Female near one entrance to her brood sac (at right). 6-10, Female attending her brood. 6, After this initial observation, this female was disturbed and left her sac to jump down. Her dragline was accidentally severed and she was not seen in the vicinity for 3 days. 7, Female at center of brood sac several days later, after her return to the site. 8, Female outside of her brood sac, near one of the two entrances (upper right). 9, Female after return to center of brood sac. Note entrance at the bottom of the sac. 10, Detail from (9). Note presence of egg shell fragments in the tubular chamber in front of the female (at top, center).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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