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43 results for “myrmecomorph”
Figure 6 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 6. Myrmarachne assimilis male (upper right) beginning to premount tap female. Male's legs I semi-erect in Position 1. Female: palps spread apart.
Figure 4 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 4. Myrmarachne assimilis male (on right) with semi-erect legs in Position 1, with his body arched up and while peering over toward conspecific female. Female facing the male while waving palps.
Figure 1 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 1. Myrmarachne bakeri female (facing right and slightly up in photograph) in a normal body posture and with palps and chelicerae also held in a normal posture. Erect legs in Position 3.
Figure 3 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 3. Myrmarachne assimilis female (on right) with cephalothorax lowered. Male beginning to mount the female.
Figure 2 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 2. Myrmarachne assimilis male (facing forward and down in photograph) with his abdomen flexed up and to the side while posturing with erect legs in Position 2.
Fig. 21 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 21. Distribution of the species of the Mazax spinosa group.
Fig. 20 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 20. Distribution of the species of the Mazax pax group.
Figure 9 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 9. Myrmarachne bakeri female (facing to left) posturing (erect legs in Position 2).
Figure 5 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 5. Myrmarachne assimilis male (on right) opening door to nest. Palps arched.
Batesian mimicry converges towards inaccuracy in myrmecomorphic spiders
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Data from: Transformational mimicry in a myrmecomorphic spider
Species which are Batesian mimics during post-embryonic development shift between mimetic models as they grow in size. However, it has not yet been tested whether these successive mimetic phenotypes are similarly protected from predators. Early instar phenotypes could represent an inaccurate phenotype or an accurate phenotype because of selection from different predators. Here, we tested the hypotheses of transformational Batesian mimicry in the ant-mimicking jumping spider Leptochestes berolinensis . We quantified the mimetic accuracy of different ontogenetic stages to potential ant models by using an multi-trait approach. We measured movement, body profile, body size, and colouration. Analysis revealed adults to be more accurate mimics than juveniles. Adults were similar to smaller morphs of Camponotus or Lasius ants, whereas juveniles were more similar to Lasius and Colobopsis ants. We tested whether predators, mantises and Pisaura spiders, were deceived by mimics after having experience with ant models. These predators never captured any ant or a mimic, but always captured the non-myrmecomorphic spider. We conclude that Leptorchestes berolinensis is a Batesian mimic of ants undergoing transformational mimicry with all stages being accurate mimics.
Data from: New drivers of the evolution of mimetic accuracy in Batesian mimics: body size, habitat stratification and geographic zone affect accuracy of myrmecomorphic spiders
<p class="MsoBodyText">Aim: The evolution and maintenance of accurate Batesian mimicry has been explained by several hypotheses built upon relaxed selection. Such selection can be influenced by ecological factors, such as habitat type or geographic distribution, which have not been considered. I investigated whether the mimetic accuracy is influenced by habitat stratification where mimics occur (ground, low vegetation, bush, tree), their body size, and geographic distribution (temperate, subtropical, tropical).</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Location: Worldwide</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Taxon: Araneae</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Methods: I gathered data on body size, geographic area of distribution, and habitat stratification from literature on more than 400 ant-mimicking (myrmecomorphic) spider species from 18 spider families and ranked them into four accuracy levels based on morphology, from poor inaccurate mimics to very accurate ones. Then I used regression to study the effect of body size, distribution, and habitat on mimetic accuracy while controlling for phylogeny.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Results: Mimetic accuracy increased with spider body size but differently at four types of habitat strata. On the ground and in low vegetation majority of smaller species were inaccurate, whereas on shrubs and trees even smaller species were accurate. The accuracy increased from temperate to the tropics but differently at the four habitat strata. In the temperate zone only species occurring on bushes were accurate, but in the tropical zone even ground-living species were accurate.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Higher accuracy at lower latitudes is likely due to stronger predation pressure from visually-hunting predators. Similarly, lower accuracy in species occurring near to the ground is presumably due to predation pressure by non-visually hunting predators. Inaccurate myrmecomorphy in spiders appears to be further driven by smaller body size due to lower profitability to predators; and higher latitude due to increased occurrence of generalist predators.</p>
Data from: New drivers of the evolution of mimetic accuracy in Batesian mimics: body size, habitat stratification and geographic zone affect accuracy of myrmecomorphic spiders
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Data from: Transformational mimicry in a myrmecomorphic spider
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Data from: Is the evolution of inaccurate mimicry a result of selection by a suite of predators? A case study using myrmecomorphic spiders
Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the evolution of inaccurate mimicry. Here we investigated the novel hypothesis that inaccurate mimicry (in color and shape) is maintained by opposing selective pressures from a suite of different predators: model-aversive visually oriented predators and model- and mimic-specialized predators indifferent to mimetic cues. We hypothesize that spiders resembling ants in color and shape escape predators that typically avoid ants, but fall prey to ant-eating predators. We tested whether inaccurate myrmecomorphic spiders are perceived as their models by two types of predators, and whether they can escape from these predators. We found that model-specialized (ant-eating) predators captured mimics significantly less frequently than their ant models, because mimics changed their behavior by fleeing predatory attacks. The fastest escape was found in less accurate mimics, indicating a negative association between visual resemblance and effectiveness of defenses. In trials with spider-eating predators, mimics were not captured more frequently than their models. The quality of defensive mechanisms appears to result from opposing selection forces exerted by the predator complex: mimics are more accurate (in color and shape) in microhabitats dominated by model-aversive predators, and less accurate in microhabitats with model- and mimic-specialized predators.
Figure 7 in Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 7. Male and female of Myrmarachne assimilis copulating. Male standing beside female (facing to right) while applying palp. Female: cephalothorax lowered; abdomen flexed and rotated.
Map 1 from: Lingafelter S (2011) New myrmecomorphous longhorned beetles from Haiti and the Dominican Republic with a key to Anaglyptini and Tillomorphini of Hispaniola (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). ZooKeys 106: 55-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.106.1470
Map 1 - Distribution of ant-mimic longhorned beetles of tribes Tillomorphini and Anaglyptini in Hispaniola.
Data from: Is the evolution of inaccurate mimicry a result of selection by a suite of predators? A case study using myrmecomorphic spiders
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Figure 5 from: Lingafelter S (2011) New myrmecomorphous longhorned beetles from Haiti and the Dominican Republic with a key to Anaglyptini and Tillomorphini of Hispaniola (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). ZooKeys 106: 55-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.106.1470
Figure 5 - Tilloclytus neiba sp. n., dorsal habitus. Digital painting by Taina Litwak.
Figure 2 from: Lingafelter S (2011) New myrmecomorphous longhorned beetles from Haiti and the Dominican Republic with a key to Anaglyptini and Tillomorphini of Hispaniola (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). ZooKeys 106: 55-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.106.1470
Figure 2 - Licracantha formicaria sp. n., lateral habitus. Digital painting by Taina Litwak.
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