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Fig. 3. A-F, L, M in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 3. A-F, L, M, holotype left tympanic bulla of Mammalodon hakataramea, OU 22026; all views show the bulla coated with sublimed ammonium chloride and lit from upper left. A, dorsal. B, ventral. C, posterior. D, anterior. E, lateral. F, medial. G-K, holotype right tympanic bulla of Mammalodon colliveri Pritchard, NMV P199986, with views mirrored for ease of comparison with M. hakataramea; bulla is coated with sublimed ammonium chloride and mirrored views show lighting from upper right. G, dorsal. H, ventral. I, medial. J, lateral. K, posterior. L, M, enlarged views of left tympanic bulla of Mammalodon hakataramea to show anterior pedicle. L, slightly dorsomedial posterior view. M, slightly posterior dorsomedial view.

Fig. 4 in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 4. Relevant detail of phylogeny from Marx and Fordyce (2015: Fig. 2), showing relationships of Mammalodon hakataramea and other Mysticeti basal to the crown group. Pli., Pliocene; Pls., Pleistocene.

Fig. 2. A-G, I in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 2. A-G, I, holotype of Mammalodon hakataramea, OU 22026; all material coated with sublimed ammonium chloride and lit from upper left. A-E, individual isolated teeth in labial or lingual view. F, G, I, holotype skull roof of Mammalodon hakataramea. F, I, dorsal view, anterior towards the top; G, oblique dorsolateral view from the left, anterior towards the lower left. H, holotype skull of Mammalodon colliveri Pritchard, NMV P199986, dorsal view, not coated with sublimed ammonium chloride. H and I are shown at the same scale to compare the differences in size and profile between the two Mammalodon species. The two dashed lines show the position of the apex of the nuchal crest and the dorsal lip of the foramen magnum in M. colliveri; M. hakataramea is aligned with the upper line.

Fig. 1 in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 1, Locality map and stratigraphy of the Sisters Creek-Homestead Creek area of Hakataramea Valley. The stratigraphic column, right, is modified from that of Tsai and Fordyce (2015) for "Haughs' Quarry", which provides the nearest detailed column to Sisters Creek. Mammalodon hakataramea came from about the horizon identified as the diffuse shellbed with Lentipecten hochstetteri and brachiopods.

Figure 4 in Whales from space: Four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery

Figure 4. Radiance values of each candidate species compared to the radiance values of sea water of three of the four study locations. For clarity reasons, the waters off Maui Nui are not represented in this figure as their radiance values are fully overlapping with Península Valdés. The shaded areas around the dotted lines correspond to the standard error of the mean.

Figure 3 in Whales from space: Four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery

Figure 3. Radiance values of the four studied species for four multispectral bands. The shaded areas around the dotted lines correspond to the standard error of the mean.

Figure 6 in Whales from space: Four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery

Figure 6. Radiance values of gray, fin, and humpback whales compared to the radiance values of nonwhale objects. (A) In the image of Laguna San Ignacio, boats were the only observed, nonwhale object. Graph (B) are the results for the Pelagos Sanctuary image and (C) for the image of Maui Nui. The shaded areas around the dotted lines correspond to the standard error of the mean.

Figure 2 in Whales from space: Four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery

Figure 2. Pan-sharpened WorldView-3 satellite images of four "definite" gray whales in Laguna San Ignacio (top left), a "definite" fin whale in the Pelagos Sanctuary (top right), two "definite" humpback whales in Maui Nui (bottom left), and a "definite" southern right whale in Península Valdés (bottom right).

Figure 1 in Whales from space: Four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery

Figure 1. Locations of study areas: (1) Maui Nui in the United States of America, (2) Laguna San Ignacio in Mexico, (3) Pelagos Sanctuary in the Ligurian Sea, and (4) Península Valdés in Argentina. Black shapes in the four subareas represent the extent of the satellite imagery acquired and used in this study.

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Figure 2 in Cladistic analysis and a revised classification of fossil and recent mysticetes

Figure 2. Previously proposed phylogenies of extinct mysticetes previously referred to Cetotheriidae. A, cladogram from Geisler & Sanders (2003). B, proposed phylogeny from Sanders & Barnes (2002a). C, cladogram from Geisler & Luo (1996). D, cladogram from Kimura & Ozawa (2002). E, cladogram from Bouetel & de Muizon (2006). In the case where the taxon is listed as [Odontoceti], the order was represented by two to several species/genera of odontocetes in the original analyses.

Figure 8. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype left tympanic bulla. A in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 8. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype left tympanic bulla. A, medial view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, posterior view.

Figure 7. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900 in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 7. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, sketch of right temporal wall showing configuration of cranial elements. al = alisphenoid, fo = foramen pseudovale, fr = frontal, of = orbital fissure, pal = palatine, par = parietal, pt = pterygoid, sq = squamosal.

Figure 5. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900 in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 5. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype; stereophotographs of portion of left palate showing location of lateral palatal foramina and sulci.

Figure 10. Aetiocetus weltoni. A in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 10. Aetiocetus weltoni. A, lateral view of reconstructed left dentary; B, medial view of reconstructed left dentary.

Figure 6. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900 in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 6. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype; stereophotographs of left portion of basicranium and posterior region of palate.

Figure 1. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype skull. A in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 1. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype skull. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, left lateral view.

Figure 4. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype skull. A in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 4. Aetiocetus weltoni, UCMP 122900, holotype skull. A, anterodorsal view; B, posterior view; C, lateral view of right anterior upper and lower dentition.

Figure 11 in Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Figure 11. Phylogenetic hypotheses of aetiocetid relationships. A, previous study based on Barnes et al. (1995); B, this study.