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46 results for “neighbor-joining trees”
Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P in New combination and redescription of Brachyponera mesoponeroides Radchenko, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)
Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P distance model, based on a dataset consisting of 438 bp sequences.
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P in Conspecificity of Phintella aequipeiformis Zabka, 1985 and P. lucai Zabka, 1985 (Araneae: Salticidae) confirmed by DNA barcoding
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P distance model, based on a dataset consisting of 851 bp sequences. Numbers beside nodes refer to bootstrap values (1000 replicates). DDBJ/Genbank accession numbers are placed before species names.
Figure 5. Neighbor-joining tree for A in Mosquito Surveillance Program Using Ovitraps Detected Aedes aegypti at the Honolulu International Airport in 2012
Figure 5. Neighbor-joining tree for A. aegypti based on COI (450bp) and ND4 (322bp) sequences. Labels are Genbank accession numbers combined with country names.
Calculating functional diversity metrics using neighbor-joining trees
<p>The study of functional diversity (FD) provides ways to understand phenomena as complex as community assembly or the dynamics of biodiversity change under multiple pressures. Different frameworks are used to quantify FD, either based on dissimilarity matrices (e.g., Rao entropy, functional dendrograms) or multidimensional spaces (e.g., convex hulls, kernel-density hypervolumes), each with their own strengths and limits. Frameworks based on dissimilarity matrices either do not enable the measurement of all components of FD (i.e., richness, divergence, and regularity), or result in the distortion of the functional space. Frameworks based on multidimensional spaces do not allow for comparisons with phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures and can be sensitive to outliers.</p> <p>We propose the use of neighbor-joining trees (NJ) to represent and quantify FD in a way that combines the strengths of current frameworks without many of their weaknesses. Importantly, our approach is uniquely suited for studies that compare FD with PD, as both share the use of trees (NJ or others) and the same mathematical principles.</p> <p>We test the ability of this novel framework to represent the initial functional distances between species with minimal functional space distortion and sensitivity to outliers. The results using NJ are compared with conventional functional dendrograms, convex hulls, and kernel-density hypervolumes using both simulated and empirical datasets.</p> <p>Using NJ, we demonstrate that it is possible to combine much of the flexibility provided by multidimensional spaces with the simplicity of tree-based representations. Moreover, the method is directly comparable with taxonomic diversity (TD) and PD measures, and enables quantification of the richness, divergence and regularity of the functional space.</p>
Calculating functional diversity metrics using neighbor-joining trees
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FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Phaeoptyx.
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Astrapogon.
FIGURE 1. Optimal tree inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method inferred from 550 in Paracoccus leucadendri Mazzeo & Franco in Mazzeo, Franco & Russo, 2009, a junior synonym of Paracoccus hakeae (Williams, 1985) comb. nov. (Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae)
FIGURE 1. Optimal tree inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method inferred from 550 replicates. Shown next to the branches is the percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the genetic distances used to infer the tree. Genetic distances were computed using the p-distance method and are in the units of the number of base differences per site.
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in Description of a new Kempnyia Klapálek from Brazil (Plecoptera: Perlidae) with life stages associated using DNA barcodes
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences (450 bp) from Kempnyia KlapÁlek and related stoneflies from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil modeled by Kimura-2-parameter (K2P).
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in Anacroneuria flintorum Froehlich 2002 (Plecoptera: Perlidae): Notes, distribution, and life stages association using molecular tools
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences (433 bp) from Anacroneuria flintorum Froehlich and related stoneflies from Espírito Santo and São Paulo States, Brazil, modeled by Kimura-2-parameter (K2P).
FIGURE 9. Unrooted neighbor-joining tree inferred from a in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Juami River basin, northwestern Brazilian Amazonia
FIGURE 9. Unrooted neighbor-joining tree inferred from a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA sampled from three type specimens of Allobates juami sp. nov. and other cis-Andean Allobates species. Clade labels indicate bootstrap support values (in percentage) estimated from 5,000 bootstrap replicates (only support values> 80% are shown). Locations in parentheses are provided for sequences obtained from non-topotypic voucher specimens.
FIGURE 11. Identification tree. Neighbor-Joining analysis involving 20 in Six new species of Afrotropical Allodia (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): DNA barcodes indicate recent diversification with a single origin
FIGURE 11. Identification tree. Neighbor-Joining analysis involving 20 CO1 sequences. Evolutionary distances were calculated using the p-distance model. Abbreviations: M = male, F = female. Sequences retrieved from BOLD (Ratasingham & Hebert 2007) are labelled with Process ID (see Appendix 1). See methods for details.
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic relationships among the Desmarestia species. A. The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using 2,000 in Desmarestia japonica subsp. angustifolia (Desmarestiales, Phaeophyceae), a new subspecies from Korea
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic relationships among the Desmarestia species. A. The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using 2,000 bootstrap replicates.
FIGURES NJ27–NJ30. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella; NJ28, Sophronia gelidella; NJ29, Anthophila fabriciana; NJ30, Phiaris bipunctana. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ27–NJ30. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella; NJ28, Sophronia gelidella; NJ29, Anthophila fabriciana; NJ30, Phiaris bipunctana.
FIGURES NJ17–NJ19, NJ21. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ17, Agonopterix conterminella. NJ18, Depressaria depressana; NJ19, Coleophora atriplicis; NJ21, Coleophora granulatella. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ17–NJ19, NJ21. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ17, Agonopterix conterminella. NJ18, Depressaria depressana; NJ19, Coleophora atriplicis; NJ21, Coleophora granulatella.
FIGURES NJ20, NJ22–NJ26. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ20, Coleophora glitzella; NJ22, Coleophora texanella; NJ23, Coleophora vitisella; NJ24, Scythris sinensis; NJ25, Altenia perspersella; NJ26, Gnorimoschema jalavai. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ20, NJ22–NJ26. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ20, Coleophora glitzella; NJ22, Coleophora texanella; NJ23, Coleophora vitisella; NJ24, Scythris sinensis; NJ25, Altenia perspersella; NJ26, Gnorimoschema jalavai.
FIGURES NJ7–NJ12. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ7, Parornix betulae; NJ8, Phyllonorycter maestingella; NJ9, Paraswammerdamia albicapitella; NJ10, Paraswammerdamia conspersella; NJ11, Plutella hyperboreella; NJ12, Lyonetia pulverulentella. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ7–NJ12. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ7, Parornix betulae; NJ8, Phyllonorycter maestingella; NJ9, Paraswammerdamia albicapitella; NJ10, Paraswammerdamia conspersella; NJ11, Plutella hyperboreella; NJ12, Lyonetia pulverulentella.
FIGURES NJ1–NJ6. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ1, Scardia amurensis; NJ2, Triaxomera parasitella; NJ3, Nemapogon cloacella; NJ4, Elabotia montelliella; NJ5, Tinea svenssoni; NJ6, Caloptilia suberinella. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ1–NJ6. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ1, Scardia amurensis; NJ2, Triaxomera parasitella; NJ3, Nemapogon cloacella; NJ4, Elabotia montelliella; NJ5, Tinea svenssoni; NJ6, Caloptilia suberinella.
FIGURE 2. The Neighbor-Joining tree for the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 in Mitochondrial diversity of the white-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Crocidura) in Vietnam
FIGURE 2. The Neighbor-Joining tree for the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI) gene fragment. The bootstrap values (≥ 50 %) obtained from 1000 pseudoreplications are presented above the branches. Crocidura olivieri is used as outgroup.
FIGURE 3. The Neighbor-Joining tree for the cytochrome b in Mitochondrial diversity of the white-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Crocidura) in Vietnam
FIGURE 3. The Neighbor-Joining tree for the cytochrome b (cytb) gene fragment. Designations as on the Fig. 2. Suncus murinus and S. stoliczkanus are used as outgroup.
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