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144 results for “nest predators”
Data from: Nest attentiveness drives nest predation in arctic sandpipers
Most birds incubate their eggs to allow embryo development. This behaviour limits the ability of adults to perform other activities. Hence, incubating adults trade-off incubation and nest protection with foraging to meet their own needs. Parents can either cooperate to sustain this trade-off or incubate alone. The main cause of reproductive failure at this reproductive stage is predation and adults reduce this risk by keeping the nest location secret. Arctic sandpipers are interesting biological models to investigate parental care evolution as they may use several parental care strategies. The three main incubation strategies include both parents sharing incubation duties ("biparental"), one parent incubating alone ("uniparental"), or a flexible strategy with both uniparental and biparental incubation within a population ("mixed"). By monitoring the incubation behaviour in 714 nests of seven sandpiper species across 12 arctic sites, we studied the relationship between incubation strategy and nest predation. First, we described how the frequency of incubation recesses (NR), their mean duration (MDR), and the daily total duration of recesses (TDR) vary among strategies. Then, we examined how the relationship between the daily predation rate and these components of incubation behaviour varies across strategies using two complementary survival analysis. For uniparental and biparental species, the daily predation rate increased with the daily total duration of recesses and with the mean duration of recesses. In contrast, daily predation rate increased with the daily number of recesses for biparental species only. These patterns may be attributed to two independent mechanisms: cryptic incubating adults are more difficult to locate than unattended nests and adults departing the nest or feeding close to the nest can draw predators' attention. Our results demonstrate that incubation behaviour as mediated by incubation strategy has important consequences for sandpipers' reproductive success.
Data from: Nest structure affects auditory and visual detectability, but not predation risk, in a tropical songbird community
1. Offspring mortality varies dramatically among species with critical demographic and evolutionary ramifications, yet the causes of this variation remain unclear. Nests are widely used for breeding across taxa and thought to influence offspring mortality risk. Traditionally, more complex, enclosed nest structures are thought to reduce offspring predation by reducing the visibility of nest contents and muffling offspring sounds compared to open nests. Direct tests of the functional bases for nest structure influences on predation risk are lacking. 2. We used experiments and 10 years of observational data to examine how nest structure influences nest predation risk in a diverse community of tropical songbirds. First, we examined how nest size was related to nest structure and nest predation rates across species. Second, we assessed how nest structure influences the detectability of nestling begging calls both in field and laboratory settings. Finally, we examined how the acoustic properties of different nest structures influence nest predation risk. Specifically, we experimentally broadcast begging calls from open and enclosed nests to determine how auditory cues and nest structure interact to affect predation on plasticine and quail eggs. We also tested whether nest structure was associated with differences in nest predation rates between the incubation (no begging cues) and nestling (begging cues) stages. 3. We found that enclosed nests are larger than open nests after accounting for adult size, and larger nests had increased predation rates. Moreover, enclosed nests did not consistently alter nestling begging calls in ways that reduce the likelihood of predation compared to open nests. Indeed, begging cues increased predation rates for enclosed but not open cup nests in our playback experiment, and nest predation rates showed greater increases after hatching in enclosed than open cup nests. 4. Ultimately, enclosed nests do not necessarily provide greater predation benefits than open nests in contrast to long standing theory.
Data from: The importance of functional responses among competing predators for avian nesting success
1. The relationship between the rate of predation and prey abundance is an important component of predator-prey dynamics. However, functional responses are less straightforward when multiple predators compete for shared prey. Interactions among competing predators can reduce or enhance effects of predation on prey populations. Because many avian populations experience high rates of nest predation, understanding the role of specific predators on nest mortality will lead to more informed conservation and management strategies which attempt to increase productivity by removing certain predators or managing habitat to limit their impact. 2. Our goal was to evaluate effects of specific predators and the influence of nest abundance on nest mortality. 3. We monitored snowy plover Charadrius nivosus nests across 7 years at two study areas in Utah, USA with remote cameras. We modeled predator-specific hazard rates for nest mortality in a Bayesian framework to assess relationships between competing predators and the role of nest abundance on predator-specific hazard rates. 4. We found that hazard rates for nest mortality by gulls Larus spp. decreased with increasing nest abundance, whereas nest mortality by foxes Vulpes spp. and ravens Corvus corax initially increased, indicating that dietary switching may occur when nests become more abundant. Nest mortalities of specific predators were often not independent and ranged between compensatory (e.g., mammalian mesopredators), and superadditive (e.g., avian predators) across the breeding season. 5. The non-independence between nest mortalities suggests that reductions in some predators may not translate to additive increases in overall nest success. Analyses of cause-specific mortality are rarely applied to avian nests, but examination of interacting impacts among competing predators on nest survival may provide insight into specific drivers of avian population dynamics.
Data from: Nest predation risk explains variation in avian clutch size
Questions about the ecological drivers of, and mechanistic constraints on, productivity have driven research on life history evolution for decades. Resource availability and offspring mortality are considered among the two most important influences on the number of offspring per reproductive attempt. We used a factorial experimental design to manipulate food abundance and perceived offspring predation risk in a wild avian population (red-faced warblers; Cardellina rubrifrons) to identify the mechanistic cause of variation in avian clutch size. Additionally, we tested whether female quality helped explain the extant variation in clutch size. We found no support for the Food Limitation or Female Quality Hypotheses, but we did find support for both predictions of the Nest Predation Risk Hypothesis. Females that experienced an experimentally heightened perception of offspring predation risk responded by laying a smaller clutch than females in the control group. Additionally, predation rates at artificial nests were highest where red-faced warbler clutch size was smallest (at high elevations). Life history theory predicts that an individual should invest less in reproduction when high nest predation risk reduces the likely benefit from that nesting attempt, and indeed we found that birds exhibit phenotypic plasticity in clutch size by laying fewer eggs in response to increasing nest predation risk.
The decline of ground-nesting birds in Europe: do we need to manage predation in addition to habitat?
<p>Bird populations are declining globally with losses recorded in many European breeding birds. Habitat management measures have not resulted in a widespread reversal of these declines. We analysed national bird population trends from ten European countries (France, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK) in relation to the species' nesting strategy ('ground-nesting' or 'other'), Annex I designation ('designated' or 'not designated') and association with agricultural habitats for breeding ('associated' or 'not associated'). For each country in our dataset, we also defined the following factors: farming intensity; predator community complexity; and predator control effort. Our results showed additive effects of nesting strategy, designation, and breeding habitats on the likelihood of population decline. Ground-nesting birds were 86% more likely to decline than birds with other nesting strategies. Annex I designated species of the Birds Directive were 50% less likely to decline than non-designated birds. Birds breeding primarily in agricultural habitats were more likely to decline than birds breeding in other habitats, interactively with farming intensity. Homogenous trends across Europe (i.e., trends in two or more countries that were either not declining in all countries or declining in all countries) indicate that the probability of population decline was related to nesting strategy and breeding habitat, with ground-nesting birds being 15.6 times more likely than other birds to have a declining trend across Europe, and birds nesting in agricultural habitat being 17.8 times more likely than birds nesting in other habitats to have a declining trend across Europe. Our results highlight a widespread challenge, therefore widespread instruments (e.g. legislation, economic policies, agri-environment schemes) will be required to reserve these declines. Ground-nesting species requirements can be complex and multiple strategies will be needed to restore populations including the development of predation management tools.</p>
Fig. 2 in Nest Predation In The African Blue Tit, Cyanistes Teneriffae (Aves, Paridae), Using Nest-Boxes And Artificial Nests
Fig. 2. Predation rates versus years, %.
Fig. 1 in Nest Predation In The African Blue Tit, Cyanistes Teneriffae (Aves, Paridae), Using Nest-Boxes And Artificial Nests
Fig. 1. Location of the study area.
Fig. 3 in Nest Predation In The African Blue Tit, Cyanistes Teneriffae (Aves, Paridae), Using Nest-Boxes And Artificial Nests
Fig. 3. Predation typology in nest-boxes, %.
Lack of avian predators is associated with behavioural plasticity in nest construction and height in an island songbird
<p>Orange-crowned warblers, Leiothlypis celata sordida, breeding on the California Channel Islands exhibit remarkable variation in their nest structure and placement, providing an intriguing exception to the general pattern that avian nest structure and nest site selection are highly conserved characters. We examined nest construction at both the population and individual scale to test whether warblers on Santa Catalina Island change their nest construction in response to nest height. At the population level, warblers built both lighter, grass-dominated ground nests and heavier off-ground nests that contained more ridged materials and less grass. The probability of nest success was significantly and positively correlated with nest height. At the individual level, we found the same individuals were capable of building on- and off-ground nests between nesting attempts within the same season. However, nest construction was highly variable among individuals and not significantly correlated with nest success after controlling for nest height. We suggest this observed behavioural plasticity in nest construction and nest height is a hierarchical response to the absence of avian predators. Reduced risk from avian predators appears to allow the warblers to use a variety of nest sites, thereby necessitating increased flexibility in nest construction.</p>
Linking agri-environment scheme habitat area, predation and the abundance of chick invertebrate prey to the nesting success of a declining farmland bird
<p>Across Europe, farmland bird populations have continued to decline since the 1970s owing to the intensification of farming practices. Studies of such declines have tended to focus specifically on either the impacts of habitats (nesting and foraging), nest predators or prey availability on bird demographics. The study presented here provides new insights into the relative effects of each of these factors on Yellowhammer nest survival. The Yellowhammer was selected for this study as it is a UK red-listed bird species whose population is in decline across much of Europe. We use a long-term dataset of 147 nests, monitored between 1995 and 2007, to provide an insight into how Yellowhammer nest survival is influenced by nesting habitat (nest concealment and nest height), foraging habitats (habitat coverage within 100 m of nests), the removal of nest predators (Magpie Pica pica abundance as an inverse measure of avian predator removal through gamekeeping) and food availability (measured with a D-vac invertebrate suction sampler). Our results indicated that Yellowhammer hatching success was negatively related to the coverage of spring agri-environment scheme habitats, a group which represents invertebrate-rich agri-environment habitats, but hatching success increased with nest height. Fledging success was positively related to the coverage of the seed-rich habitat Wild Bird Seed mixture. The farm-level abundance of Yellowhammer chick-food invertebrates declined over the study period. Our results highlight the importance of simultaneously considering multiple agents that shape avian breeding success, i.e. their ability to produce offspring, to inform conservation management. Our key finding for land managers relates to the positive relationship between the proportion seed rich foraging habitat within the Yellowhammer's average foraging range and Yellowhammer fledging success, which shows that a habitat intended primarily to provide winter food resources is also important to breeding birds. Chick food abundance in this habitat was, however, similar to broadleaf and cereal crops. We recommend that this habitat should be provided near to potential Yellowhammer nesting sites and adjacent to invertebrate-rich agri-environment scheme habitats such as beetle banks and conservation headlands to further boost invertebrate resources for a declining farmland bird.</p>
Seaside Sparrow nest location, fate, and nest predator distribution data
<p>Nest failure for coastal marsh bird species is primarily caused by predation and nest flooding. As sea level rise makes nest flooding more likely, the threat of nest predation will constrain the potential adaptive responses of marsh nesting species. Thus, understanding the predictors of nest predation is important for the conservation of salt marsh-dwelling bird species, such as Seaside Sparrows (<em>Ammospiza maritima</em>; SESP). Predator activity may be influenced by landscape features (particularly habitat edges), potentially making nest predation predictable. We aimed to understand the predictability of SESP nest predation relative to two major landscape features: roads and tidal rivers, as both of these edges may be entryways or attractants for predators in marshes. In coastal Georgia, USA, we assessed mammalian predator activity relative to the two features of interest, and hypothesized that mammalian predator activity would be greater close to roads and tidal rivers. We also recorded SESP nest locations and nest predation events and hypothesized that nest predation events would increase with increasing predator activity. Consistent with our first hypothesis, mammalian predator activity increased close to roads and tidal rivers, but mammalian predator distribution did not explain the spatial variation in SESP nest predation thus not supporting our second hypothesis. SESP also placed their nests in locations with high mammalian predator activity, indicating that the ability to avoid nesting in high-risk areas may be constrained by habitat or resource limitations. Additionally, mammals may not be the primary nest predators, as we found that one bird species (Marsh Wren, <em>Cistothorus palustris</em>) contributed substantially to nest predation rates. Understanding the predictability of mammalian predator distribution can allow for focused predator management efforts, such as exclusion, to habitat edges where we found the highest mammalian predator activity, which could relax the constraint of nest predation on SESP's ability to respond to the intensifying threat of sea level rise.</p>
Data accompanying "Latitudinal variation in the timing of nest predator activity is habitat specific"
<p>The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that that activity patterns of bird nest predators transitions from nocturnal to diurnal with increasing latitude. We collected the identity of nest predators from published data of camera surveillance at nests on the global scale. We performed ordinal and logistic regressions to study the correlation between predator activity patterns and the latitude. This is the final data set, along with the R-scripts we used to perform the statistical analyses. Please read the "readme.txt" file before running the scripts. A list of references from which predation and activity pattern data was extracted is also provided.</p>
Direct evidence for nest predation by the edible dormouse (Glis glis, Rodentia) in open-cup nesting songbirds
<p>Here we provide the first direct evidence, with the use of time-lapse video surveillance, that edible dormouse (Glis glis), depredated eggs and nestlings of two open-nesting passerine species, the Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), and the common blackbird (Turdus merula) in a central European woodland. In the blackcap, we detected three predation events. In the first two cases, edible dormouse flushed away incubating/brooding females and preyed upon either the eggs or the nestlings. The third case documents egg predation on an abandoned nest. The fourth case (two files and b) documents an attempt to forage on eggs in an abandoned nest of song thrush (Turdus philomelos). Note that an Apodemus mouse brought an egg into this nest before. In the blackbird (files Case 5a,b), we document a single case of dormouse attacking a brooding female. The female and nestlings managed to escape. Our data bring another piece of evidence for dormice predation on Passerine birds and they highlight the value of direct nest surveillance for documenting rodent predatory impact on birds.</p> <p> </p> <p>File names match the order of the cases as desribed in the paper published in Journal of Vertebrate Biology <a href="https://doi.org/10.25225/jvb.24090">https://doi.org/10.25225/jvb.24090</a>. Files labelled as "edited" contain scenes with the predations events only.</p>
Data and code for "Decoding the chaffinch "rain" call: a specialized alarm signal for nest predation"
<p>Summary of the project : <br>The chaffinch *Fringilla coelebs* is a very common passerine in Europe. One of the chaffinche's vocalisations, called "rain-call", is very common and conspicuous, however, it's function is still not well understood. Three hypotheses have been postulated as to what chaffinches rain-call are for: (1) the rain-call could be used in territorial context by males as a substitute for the song when the bird is in stressful conditions, (2) the rain-call is an alarm call, and (3) the rain-call is a mate-directed signal for communication within the pair. We tested these three hypotheses using two playbacks and behavioural observations in the wild. <br>- In the first playback, we broadcasted rain-calls, chaffinch songs and the song of balckbirds as a control. We measured if chaffinch males reacted to rain-calls similarely to a simulated territorial intrusion. <br>- In the second playback, we simulated the presence of predators (hawk and crows, compared to a balckbird's song as a control) and observed if chaffinches started rain-calling. <br>- Third, we closely followed five chaffinch males in the field, and took good note of the social and environemental context of rain-calling behaviour. <br>We find that chaffinches did not react to rain-calls with the same agresive response than to territorial intrusion, wich does not support the hypothesis of a song substitute. We found that chaffinches started rain-calling consistently when we broadcasted predator calls, as well as when we saw real predators, which supports teh alarm call hypothesis. Finaly, we found that male chaffinches reain-called much more often when a femal chaffinch was around, which might hint that females are intended recievers of the rain-call alarm. <br>We provide here the complete dataset for all thre experiment as well as the R code used to run statistical analyses. Variables and software versions are described further.</p>
Predator and destructor species of artificial bird nests in La Paz, Bolivia
<p><span>Urbanization alters the composition of biological communities and, therefore, ecological processes such as predation and destruction of bird nests. The identification of predator and destructor species is useful for designing research for the understanding of the effects of urbanization on these ecological processes. In this study, we identify the diurnal predator and destructor species of artificial bird nests in urban and peri-urban sites of the metropolitan region of La Paz, Bolivia, using webcams. The House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) was the only nest-destroying species, recorded in both urban and peri-urban environments. This species affected the nests by extracting material. Besides a predation event by the Andean Caracara (Phalcoboenus megalopterus) in a peri-urban site and one by the Domestic Cat (Felis silvestris catus) in an urban site, the species with the highest incidence of nest predation in both urban and peri-urban sites was the Chiguanco Thrush (Turdus chiguanco). A behavior that had not been previously reported for this species, and is very rare for the genus. In this report, we present two films of destruction events by the House Wren and two films of eggs predation events by the Chiguanco Thrush.</span></p>
Changing patterns of nest predation and predator communities along a tropical elevation gradient
<p><span>Tropical montane communities host the world's highest beta diversity of birds, a phenomenon usually attributed to community turnover caused by changes in biotic and abiotic factors along elevation gradients. Yet, empirical data on most biotic factors are lacking. Nest predation is thought to be especially important because it appears to be common and can change selective pressures underlying life history traits, which can alter competitive interactions. We monitored 2,538 nests, </span><span>338 of which had known nest predators, to evaluate if nest predation changes along a tropical elevational gradient. We found that nest predation decreased with elevation, reflecting the loss of lowland predators that do not tolerate colder climates. We found different "super" nest predators at each elevation that accounted for a high percentage of events, suggesting that selection pressures exerted by nest predator communities may be less diffuse than has been hypothesized, at least for birds nesting in the understory.</span></p>
Singing on the nest is a widespread behavior in incubating Northern Mockingbirds and increases probability of nest predation
<p>In this study, we documented for the first time singing on the nest (SOTN) in 74% of 65 Northern Mockingbird (<em>Mimus</em> <em>polyglottos</em>) nests that were monitored with continuous-running video cameras (8,353.9 hrs sampled). As predicted, higher rates of SOTN significantly decreased daily survival rates of nests. SOTN occurred almost exclusively by females during the egg stage and in 86% (48/56) of nests for which we had sampling from the egg stage. While extensive at the population level, the average rate of SOTN per individual was very low (5.24 ± 1.24 s SOTN per hr video sampled). We found mixed support for the hypothesis that SOTN functions in territory maintenance. We found no support for the hypotheses that SOTN functions to coordinate parental care, defend nests, or aid in vocal learning. Given the limited attention SOTN has received and the mostly anecdotal accounts of it, our understanding of its costs and benefits is lacking. We conclude that while individual rates of SOTN are quite low, SOTN may be more widespread in populations than previously thought and that studies specifically designed to test hypotheses regarding potential functions are critically needed. </p>
Data for: Mammalian predators and vegetated nesting habitat drive reduced protected area nesting success of Kentish plovers, Yellow Sea region, China
<p><span>Protected areas provide essential habitats for wildlife by conserving natural and semi-natural habitats and reducing human disturbance. However, whether breeding birds vulnerable to nest predation can benefit from strict land management in the protected area is unclear. Here, we compare the nesting performance of two groups of a ground-nesting shorebird, the Kentish plover (<em>Charadrius alexandrinus</em>), in the protected area (Liaohekou Natural Reserve, hereinafter PA) and the control non-protected area (Non-PA) around the Liaohekou Natural Reserve, in the north of the Yellow Sea, China, and identify which environmental factors, such as nesting habitat and nest materials, influence the daily nest survival rate (DSR). We found similar nesting habitats in both study areas, dominated by bare land or <em>Suaeda salsa</em> grassland. However, DSR was lower in PA (0.91 ± 0.01) than in Non-PA (0.97 ± 0.01). Kentish plovers nesting in areas with vegetation cover experienced lower DSR than in bare lands in both areas, and nests built with materials of <em>S. salsa</em> sticks had the lowest DSR in the bare land. Data from infrared cameras confirmed relatively higher predator abundances and nest predation rates by nocturnal mammals, such as Eurasian badgers (<em>Meles meles</em>), in PA than in Non-PA, and this pattern was especially evident for plover nests located in <em>S. sals</em>a grassland. Our results suggest that Liaohekou Natural Reserve protected area may not necessarily provide safe nesting sites for Kentish plovers due to the abundance of generalist mammal nest predators. </span><span>However, the PA includes about 80% of the nests from both locations. This means the contribution of the total number of successful nests continues to be much higher within PA, with the benefit for the species that this brings in terms of conservation. </span><span>The variation and mechanisms underlying differences in the nest predator communities of PA and non-PA deserve further study.</span></p>
Data for: Incubation behavior and nest predation rates for 21 songbird species studied in Borneo
<p>The Skutch (1949) Hypothesis that nest predation risk constrains parental nest activity has important implications for the evolution of parental care strategies, but the required conditions for the hypothesis to operate have been questioned. We found the necessary conditions existed in a montane tropical bird community where 95.4% of predation events (n=456) occurred during daylight hours and almost all predators (n=224) were visually-oriented. Moreover, incubation strategies for 21 passerine species were explained by nest predation rates as proposed by the Skutch Hypothesis. Hourly rates of visits to the nest were lower among species with higher nest predation rates, and achieved in part by longer on- and off-bouts. Incubation attentiveness (percent of time incubating) does not necessarily affect parental nest activity and was not related to nest predation rates. Nest predation rates were greater in enclosed- than open-nesting species, counter to long-standing views. Moreover, nest predation was usually higher in the nestling period when parents were more actively visiting nests than during incubation for enclosed- but not open-nesting species. This increase in nest predation in the nestling period for enclosed-nesting species might indicate proximate predation responses to parental nest activity that underlie the evolutionary patterns. Adult mortality also can exert selection on evolved strategies. Following life history theory, annual adult mortality probability explained residual variation in incubation behaviors, while accounting for nest predation, with longer-lived species exhibiting lower nest activity and attentiveness. Ultimately, the conditions for the Skutch Hypothesis were clear and evolved behaviors suggest an important influence of natural selection by nest predation in this montane tropical bird community. At the same time, different patterns of nest predation between open- and enclosed-nesting species emphasize a need for further research into how parental nest activity interacts with nest type to affect predator detection of nests.</p>
Data for: The evolution of enclosed nesting in passerines is shaped by competition, energetic costs and predation threat
<p><span>Many bird species breed in enclosed nests which may provide better protection against predation and climatic conditions compared to open nests and </span><span>are </span><span>generally associated with </span><span>larger clutch sizes</span><span> and slower offspring growth</span><span>. Here we show that different enclosed nesting strategies are each linked to behaviors with very different costs and benefits on a macroevolutionary scale. Using a detailed dataset of nest structure and location from the order Passeriformes we employed phylogenetic comparative methods to evaluate (1) how predation, competition, design complexity and energetic costs have shaped evolutionary transitions between different nesting strategies and (2) whether these strategies also have distinct relationships with life-history traits. We find that flexible strategies (i.e., nesting in both open and enclosed sites) as well as energetically demanding strategies are evolutionarily unstable, indicating the presence of underlying ecological trade-offs between anti-predator protections, construction costs and competition. We confirm that species with enclosed nests have larger clutch sizes and longer development and nestling periods compared to open nesters, but only species that construct enclosed nests rather than compete for pre-existing cavities spend more time incubating and are concentrated in the tropics. Flexible strategies prevail in seasonal environments and are linked to larger clutches – but not longer development – compared to nesting in the open. Overall, our results suggest that predation, competition and energetic costs affect the evolution of nesting strategies, but via distinct pathways, and that caution is warranted when generalizing about the functions of enclosed nest designs in birds. </span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.