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FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

FIGURE 6 | Knodus obolus, holotype, NUP 22667, 46.4 mm SL, ribeirão Dois Irmãos, tributary to the rio do Peixe, tributary to the rio das Almas, tributary to the rio Maranhão, tributary to the rio Tocantins, Municipality of Pirenópolis, Goiás State, Brazil.

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

FIGURE 5 | Partial map of South America, showing the known geographic distribution of Knodus rufford and K. obolus. The red star encompasses the type locality and other sampling sites that are too close to be represented as separate points.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

FIGURE 1 | Schematic representation of four types of vertebra. In A., only the proximal portion of the ribs is shown. In B., the small bony fragment close to the tip of the transverse process in the left is an underdeveloped rib shown in full. In C., the haemal spine is not fused to the tip of the contralateral transverse processes, which meet each other medially. Notice that in D. the fusion is complete, but the bony ring, present in B. and C., is absent.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

FIGURE 3 | Knodus rufford, paratypes. Ontogenetic and polymorphic variation of the body shape and colour patterns. All from the ribeirão Dois Irmãos drainage, upper Tocantins basin in Pirenópolis, Goiás State, Brazil. A. NUP 22669, 39.2 mm SL. B. CPUFMT 6835, 31.7 mm SL. C. NUP 22669, 28.1 mm SL. D. CPUFMT 6835, 25.2 mm SL.

FIGURE 9 in Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

FIGURE 9 | Knodus aff. breviceps, regression analysis of the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line. R2 = 0.26; p = 0.0003.

Fig. 8 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 8. Size comparison of squamosal versus face in Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, subadult MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and MOR 456 8-9-6-1, holotype (B, mirrored); squamosal superimposed in B. C. Outline of MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (red) superimposed over outline of MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (grey). D. Outline of MOR 591 (blue) superimposed over outline of MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (grey). Outlines aligned by otic notch.

Fig. 5 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 5. Lateral views of jugals of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and eucentrosauran (Einiosaurus procurvicornis or Achelousaurus horneri Sampson, 1995), MOR 591 (B, mirrored), from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA. Arrow indicates epijugal.

Fig. 6 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 6. Ontogenetic series of supraorbital ornamentation of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995 from the Campanian Canyon Bonebed, Two Medicine Formation (TM-046), Montana, USA. A, B. Juvenile, MOR 456 8-10-87-20 (A) and MOR 456 8-8-87-19 (B). C, D. Early subadult, MOR 456 8-9-7-3 (C) and MOR 456 2020-C-1 (D). E, F. Late subadult, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (E) and MOR 456 8-23-87 (F). G, H. Young adult, MOR 456 2020-C-2 (G) and MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (H). B and D are mirrored. All specimens in anterior view, lateral is to the right in A–D, G, H; E, entire skull width; F, lateral is to the left.

Fig. 4 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 4. Anterior views of supraorbital ornamentation of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and eucentrosauran Einiosaurus procurvicornis or Achelousaurus horneri Sampson, 1995), MOR 591 (B), from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA.

Fig. 7 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 7. Ontogenetic series of supraorbital ornamentation of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995 from the Campanian Canyon Bonebed (TM-046), Montana, USA. A, B. Juvenile, MOR 456 8-10-87-20 (A) and MOR 456 8-8-87-19 (B). C, D. Early subadult, MOR 456 8-9-7-3 (C) and MOR 456 2020- C-1 (D). E, F. Late subadult, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (E) and MOR 456 8-23-87 (F). G, H. Young adult, MOR 456 2020-C-2 (G) and MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (H). B, D–G are mirrored. All specimens in lateral view, anterior is to the left in all images.

Fig. 3 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 3. Right lateral views of supraorbital ornamentation of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and eucentrosauran (Einiosaurus procurvicornis or Achelousaurus horneri Sampson, 1995), MOR 591 (B) from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA.

Fig. 2 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 2. Right lateral views of nasal horncores of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and eucentrosauran (Einiosaurus procurvicornis or Achelousaurus horneri Sampson, 1995), MOR 591 (B, mirrored), from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA.

Fig. 1 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 1. Lateral views of articulated crania of subadult eucentrosaurans from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA. A. Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, MOR 456 8-8-87-1. B. Eucentrosauran (Einiosaurus procurvicornis or Achelousaurus horneri Sampson, 1995), MOR 591. Photographs (A1 and B1), osteological line drawings (A2, B2). Face of MOR 591 mirrored, with parietosquamosal frill superimposed. The contact outlines between the postorbital, jugal, and squamosal in A2 are estimated due to lack of externally visible sutures and may appear different from MOR 591 due to some breaks and gaps. P4–P7, parietal processes.

Fig. 3 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic changes in food resource use by a piscivore fish in two Pantanal lagoons, Brazil

Fig. 3. Diet composition of Plagioscion ternetzi by size class in Sinhá Mariana lagoon (a) and in Chacororé lagoon (b) (EIG: Eigenmannia spp.; PIM: Pimelodella spp.; ROE: Roeboides spp.; PCU: Psectrogaster curviventris; CDO: Curimatella dorsalis; BRA: Brachyhypopomus spp.; SMA: Synbranchus marmoratus; TAR: Tetragonopterus argenteus; HOR: Hemiodus orthonops; LOR: Loricariichthys spp.; SBR: Schizodon borellii; AST: Astyanax spp.; SMG: Serrasalmus marginatus; LEP: Leporinus spp.; OF: other fish; SH: shrimp; INS: insect; FR: fish remains).

Fig. 2 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic changes in food resource use by a piscivore fish in two Pantanal lagoons, Brazil

Fig. 2. Diet composition of Plagioscion ternetzi in the lagoons Sinhá Mariana (a) and Chacororé (b), during the flood and dry periods.

Fig. 4 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic changes in food resource use by a piscivore fish in two Pantanal lagoons, Brazil

Fig. 4. Species abundance curve of fish species at Sinhá Mariana lagoon (a = flood period and b = dry period) and Chacororé lagoon (c = flood period and d = dry period). Species within the rectangle correspond to the ten most abundant in the lagoon, in order of importance; the species out of the rectangle correspond to the most consumed by Plagioscion ternetzi.

Fig. 1 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic changes in food resource use by a piscivore fish in two Pantanal lagoons, Brazil

Fig. 1. Location of the study area in the system of Chacororé-Sinhá and Mariana lagoons, Pantanal Matogrossense, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

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Fig. 9 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 9. Representative dentaries (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in left lateral view. A. MAD 10440. B. FMNH PR 2100. C. Illustration of landmark positions used for dentaries. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. D. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (D1) and largest (D2) specimens from average.

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Fig. 7 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 7. Representative jugals (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in right lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR 3369. C. FMNH PR 2100. D. Illustration of landmark positions used for jugals. Black circles, landmarks. E. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (E1) and largest (E2) specimens from average.