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Text-fig. 4. a: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies 1, facies A are composed of Andesit (AF), Clay (CF) and Sandstone (SF) fragments lain on medium-sandstone. b: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, outcropping of massive sandstone facies comprises of fine to medium grain size of grey to yellowish sandstone. c: Heterolithic sandstone-mudstone facies, intercalation of fine sand with silt and shale as type form of heterolithic sandstone mudstone as indicated by a high sand/shale ratio. d: Example outcrops of heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 2 indicated by low sand/shale ratio. e: Heterolithic fine sand and mudstone and mudstone facies, intercalation of thin sandstone and shale. f: Representative of slump deposits outcrops belong to conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, which is indicated by the intercalation of sandstone and shale and some disturbed beds or layers as seen in slump deposits. The facies type is normally deposited within the basin floor, channel margin or as a product of the overbank deposits. In this figure the slump deposit is shown as internal bedding, some occurred on the bedding-plane. Trend slope measurement of the fold-axis revealed values N 135°E and N 108°E. in Lithofacies And Ichnofacies Of Turbidite Deposits, West Java, Indonesia
Text-fig. 4. a: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies 1, facies A are composed of Andesit (AF), Clay (CF) and Sandstone (SF) fragments lain on medium-sandstone. b: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, outcropping of massive sandstone facies comprises of fine to medium grain size of grey to yellowish sandstone. c: Heterolithic sandstone-mudstone facies, intercalation of fine sand with silt and shale as type form of heterolithic sandstone mudstone as indicated by a high sand/shale ratio. d: Example outcrops of heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 2 indicated by low sand/shale ratio. e: Heterolithic fine sand and mudstone and mudstone facies, intercalation of thin sandstone and shale. f: Representative of slump deposits outcrops belong to conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, which is indicated by the intercalation of sandstone and shale and some disturbed beds or layers as seen in slump deposits. The facies type is normally deposited within the basin floor, channel margin or as a product of the overbank deposits. In this figure the slump deposit is shown as internal bedding, some occurred on the bedding-plane. Trend slope measurement of the fold-axis revealed values N 135°E and N 108°E.
Text-fig. 1. Photograph of the studied outcrop with wide bedding planes on the Loděnice – vinice above the topmost step of the vineyard. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 1. Photograph of the studied outcrop with wide bedding planes on the Loděnice – vinice above the topmost step of the vineyard.
Text-fig. 11. Permian ichthyofaunas from the French Massif Central. Preliminary comparisons based on total accounts of individuals (see text for explanations). Sharks in green, Acanthodes sp. in yellow, Actinopterygians in blue, Dipnoi in white (not visible but present at Autun; see Tab. 1 for details). Each circle is proportional to the total number of specimens recovered. Permian outcrops in black. Hercynian basement indicated by vertical lines. Map modified from Gand and Durand (2006). in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central
Text-fig. 11. Permian ichthyofaunas from the French Massif Central. Preliminary comparisons based on total accounts of individuals (see text for explanations). Sharks in green, Acanthodes sp. in yellow, Actinopterygians in blue, Dipnoi in white (not visible but present at Autun; see Tab. 1 for details). Each circle is proportional to the total number of specimens recovered. Permian outcrops in black. Hercynian basement indicated by vertical lines. Map modified from Gand and Durand (2006).
Text-fig. 3. a: Panoramic reconstruction of the portion of the Govone outcrop from intervals GLA10 to GLA20 in condition of low river level. b: Transported leaf assemblage in the bottom part of bed GLA20. c: Detail of the outcrop of the leaf-bearing bed GLA20 and the underlying wood-rich layer GLA19. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 3. a: Panoramic reconstruction of the portion of the Govone outcrop from intervals GLA10 to GLA20 in condition of low river level. b: Transported leaf assemblage in the bottom part of bed GLA20. c: Detail of the outcrop of the leaf-bearing bed GLA20 and the underlying wood-rich layer GLA19.
Text-fig. 1. Context and location of the Govone outcrop. a: Location of the Piedmont Basin at the northern margin of the Mediterranean Basin and distribution of Messinian evaporites. b: Simplified geological map of the Piedmont Basin showing the location of the Govone outcrop close to the town of Alba. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 1. Context and location of the Govone outcrop. a: Location of the Piedmont Basin at the northern margin of the Mediterranean Basin and distribution of Messinian evaporites. b: Simplified geological map of the Piedmont Basin showing the location of the Govone outcrop close to the town of Alba.
→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm. in The first ornithosuchid from Brazil and its macroevolutionary and phylogenetic implications for Late Triassic faunas in Gondwana
→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm.
Figs. 3 A-C. A in PLAnt density influence on Life history trAits of A perenniAL herb in rocky outcrops, southeAstern BrAZiL
Figs. 3 A-C. A. Rosettes height in centimeters in contrasting density conditions; B. Rosettes diameter in contrasting density conditions; C. Leaf number per rosette in contrasting density conditions. The bars represent the mean and the line is the standard deviation.
Figs. 4 A-B. A in PLAnt density influence on Life history trAits of A perenniAL herb in rocky outcrops, southeAstern BrAZiL
Figs. 4 A-B. A. Flower scape number per rosette in contrasting density conditions; B. Flower scape length in contrasting density conditions.
Fig. 1 in PLAnt density influence on Life history trAits of A perenniAL herb in rocky outcrops, southeAstern BrAZiL
Fig. 1. Map of the studied area, showing the location of Estação de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti on Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
Figs. 2. A-B. A. A in PLAnt density influence on Life history trAits of A perenniAL herb in rocky outcrops, southeAstern BrAZiL
Figs. 2. A-B. A. A flowering specimen of Vellozia albiflora Pohl on gneiss outcrops of Morro do Cruzeiro, MG, Brazil. B. Sampling area showing a dense mat of plants, determined as the "high density" condition in this study. Bar = 3 cm.
Fig. 3 Padinile Frumoase outcrop a in The Berriasian-Valanginian And Aptian Deposits From The North-Western Part Of The Piatra Craiului Massif: Stratigraphic Relationships, Facies And Depositional Environments
Fig. 3 Padinile Frumoase outcrop a The lower Valanginian-upper Valanginian unconformity (yellow line) and the transgressive contact between the Valanginian limestones and the Aptian deposits (breccia and conglomerates) (white line). b Monomictic breccia. c The first outcrop located above the contact area (~3m). d Monomictic orthoconglomerates with common carbonate pebbles. e Monomictic paraconglomerates with carbonate pebbles. 272, 280, 291 = sample numbers. Scale bar for b, d, e = 2 cm.
Text-fig. 5. Malo-Mikhaylovka village. The view on outcrops of the Malo-Mikhaylovka plant-bearing sedimentary strata. in Mid-Latitude Palaeogene Floras Of Eurasia Bound To Volcanic Settings And Palaeoclimatic Events - Experience Obtained From The Far East Of Russia (Sikhote-Alin') And Central Europe (Bohemian Massif)
Text-fig. 5. Malo-Mikhaylovka village. The view on outcrops of the Malo-Mikhaylovka plant-bearing sedimentary strata.
Fig. 1. Locality map and outcrop photographs. A in Worldwide distribution of the modiomorphid bivalve genus Caspiconcha in late Mesozoic hydrocarbon seeps
Fig. 1. Locality map and outcrop photographs. A. Locality map of the Utagoesawa Creek site, Hatonosu, Yubari City, Hokkaido, Japan. Also shown is the location of the Omagari seep site. Solid pattern is the outcrop area of the Cretaceous Yezo Group strata. B. Outcrop photograph of an Utagoesawa Creek carbonate body showing large Caspiconcha sp. and/or probable lucinid bivalve fossils. C. Locality map of hydrocarbon seeps in California. Subpanel shows locality map of the Eagle Creek site, Ono, California, USA. Solid circle with number indicates Caspiconcha bearing sites. 1, Eagle Creek; 2, Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek; 3, Paskenta; 4, Bear Creek; 5, Wilbur Springs; 6, east of Knoxville (exact place is unknown); +
Text-fig. 6. Distribution of Oligocene continental sediments of Africa, revealing the patchy and incomplete coverage of the occurrences. The Tunisian sedimentary outcrops represent an important resource for the north-western part of the continent. in Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda) And Other Large Mammals And Plants From The Oligocene Of Tunisia
Text-fig. 6. Distribution of Oligocene continental sediments of Africa, revealing the patchy and incomplete coverage of the occurrences. The Tunisian sedimentary outcrops represent an important resource for the north-western part of the continent.
Text-fig. 2. A – First small excavation trench in the newly discovered fossiliferous outcrop area of the Ploužnice lake horizon, locality "Small Ravine" south of the village Ploužnice on the slope of road No. 286. Typical are the red, violet and varicoloured tuffaceous siltstones. Semily Formation, Late Stephanian, Krkonoše Piedmont Basin. B – Basal part of fossiliferous 12 cm to14 cm thick reddish to purple-red tuffaceous siltstone bed from the trench in Text-fig. 2A. Internal bedding is expressed as horizontal but with diffuse changes in grain size from fine silt to coarse, fine sandy silt. Intercalated in places are 3 to 5 mm thick layers (indicated by arrows) with patchy concentrations of isolated fish remains, especially in the first 3 centimetres of this siltstone layer. The large white spot at 2.5 cm is a coprolite fragment. in Fossil Fauna And Flora Of A Re-Discovered Locality In The Late Carboniferous Ploužnice Horizon Of The Krkonoše Piedmont Basin, Bohemian Massif
Text-fig. 2. A – First small excavation trench in the newly discovered fossiliferous outcrop area of the Ploužnice lake horizon, locality "Small Ravine" south of the village Ploužnice on the slope of road No. 286. Typical are the red, violet and varicoloured tuffaceous siltstones. Semily Formation, Late Stephanian, Krkonoše Piedmont Basin. B – Basal part of fossiliferous 12 cm to14 cm thick reddish to purple-red tuffaceous siltstone bed from the trench in Text-fig. 2A. Internal bedding is expressed as horizontal but with diffuse changes in grain size from fine silt to coarse, fine sandy silt. Intercalated in places are 3 to 5 mm thick layers (indicated by arrows) with patchy concentrations of isolated fish remains, especially in the first 3 centimetres of this siltstone layer. The large white spot at 2.5 cm is a coprolite fragment.
Text-fig. 4. Measured section at the Omanitherium type locality. A–D are indurated beds highlighted in the stratigraphic section (figure seated on outcrop B provides a scale) (see Text-fig. 3). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds
Text-fig. 4. Measured section at the Omanitherium type locality. A–D are indurated beds highlighted in the stratigraphic section (figure seated on outcrop B provides a scale) (see Text-fig. 3).
Text-fig. 5. A pie chart of trilobite taxa abundance at Zadní Kobyla – small quarry outcrop (Calceola-bearing locality). in Trilobite Assemblage Of Calceola -Bearing Beds In Acanthopyge Limestone (Choteč Formation, Middle Devonian, Eifelian, Prague Basin, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 5. A pie chart of trilobite taxa abundance at Zadní Kobyla – small quarry outcrop (Calceola-bearing locality).
Between a rock and a hard place: Comparing rock-dwelling animal prevalence across abandoned paddy, orchards, and rock outcrops in a biodiversity hotspot
<p>Rock outcrops are geologically and ecologically unique ecosystems that harbour threatened and endemic biodiversity. These underappreciated, open ecosystems are undergoing rapid land-use changes, and the impacts of these changes on the threatened and endemic biodiversity are poorly understood, compared to the forested ecosystems. The unprotected, low-elevation lateritic plateaus of the northern Western Ghats of India are a case in point; they have high levels of endemism but are experiencing agricultural land-use change to orchards on the one hand and abandonment of traditional paddy cultivation on the other. We compared 1) the availability of loose rocks, a critical microhabitat for saxicolous animals, 2) the prevalence of an endemic caecilian (<em>Gegeneophis seschachari),</em> an endemic gecko (<em>Hemidactylus albofasciatus),</em> and a widespread snake (<em>Echis carinatus),</em> and 3) the composition and abundance of other rock-dwelling animals across 12 less-disturbed natural rock outcrop sites and 10 sites each in agroforestry plantations and abandoned paddies using time-constrained searches. By surveying 7179 surface rocks, we encountered 5738 individuals from 38 animal taxa. We found that the abundance of large rocks, which were the most-preferred size class of rocks by animals, was higher in abandoned paddy compared to plateaus and orchards. However, the prevalence of the reptiles <em>H. albofasciatus</em> and <em>E. carinatus</em> was highest on undisturbed plateaus. Contrastingly, the prevalence of <em>G. seshachari,</em> a caecilian, was significantly higher under rocks in abandoned paddy than in less-disturbed plateaus or orchards. We also found significant differences between the rock-dwelling faunal assemblages across the three agricultural land-use types. Despite being adapted to persist in extremely variable climates on lateritic plateaus, multiple species/groups are vulnerable to land-use changes. However, <em>G. seshachari</em> and a few other taxa appear to benefit from certain kinds of agricultural land-use change, highlighting the context-specificity in species responses. This is one of the first studies to determine the impacts of the agricultural conversion of rock outcrops, thereby highlighting the conservation value of habitats that are often classified as wastelands.</p>
FIG. 12 in Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae)
FIG. 12. — Occurrence points of Pseudoporatia kananciue Iniesta, Bouzan, Souza & Brescovit, n. sp. in the ferruginous outcrops: A, Serra dos Carajás and surrounding area; B, São Félix do Xingu; C, São Geraldo do Araguaia; D, Serra Leste; E, Serra Norte; F, Serra Sul; G, Serra Tarzan and Bocaina.
FIG. 11 in Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae)
FIG. 11. — SEM of Pseudoporatia kananciue Iniesta, Bouzan, Souza & Brescovit, n. sp., male (IBSP 11002), left gonopod (A, B) and right gonopod (C): A, cannula and prefemoral region, mesal view; B, distal region of the left gonopod; C, detail of apical region of femoral region and solenomere, showing the opening of seminal groove. Scale bars: A, B, 100 µm; C, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.
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