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37 results for “outgroup”

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zenodo32/100

FIGURES NJ20, NJ22–NJ26. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ20, Coleophora glitzella; NJ22, Coleophora texanella; NJ23, Coleophora vitisella; NJ24, Scythris sinensis; NJ25, Altenia perspersella; NJ26, Gnorimoschema jalavai. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology

FIGURES NJ20, NJ22–NJ26. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ20, Coleophora glitzella; NJ22, Coleophora texanella; NJ23, Coleophora vitisella; NJ24, Scythris sinensis; NJ25, Altenia perspersella; NJ26, Gnorimoschema jalavai.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

zenodo32/100

FIGURES NJ7–NJ12. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ7, Parornix betulae; NJ8, Phyllonorycter maestingella; NJ9, Paraswammerdamia albicapitella; NJ10, Paraswammerdamia conspersella; NJ11, Plutella hyperboreella; NJ12, Lyonetia pulverulentella. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology

FIGURES NJ7–NJ12. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ7, Parornix betulae; NJ8, Phyllonorycter maestingella; NJ9, Paraswammerdamia albicapitella; NJ10, Paraswammerdamia conspersella; NJ11, Plutella hyperboreella; NJ12, Lyonetia pulverulentella.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

zenodo32/100

FIGURES NJ1–NJ6. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ1, Scardia amurensis; NJ2, Triaxomera parasitella; NJ3, Nemapogon cloacella; NJ4, Elabotia montelliella; NJ5, Tinea svenssoni; NJ6, Caloptilia suberinella. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology

FIGURES NJ1–NJ6. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ1, Scardia amurensis; NJ2, Triaxomera parasitella; NJ3, Nemapogon cloacella; NJ4, Elabotia montelliella; NJ5, Tinea svenssoni; NJ6, Caloptilia suberinella.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

zenodo32/100

FIGURE. Phylogram of Panus generated from Maximum likelihood analysis of ITS sequence data. Lentinus crinitus (MK408650) was selected as the outgroup taxon. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values greater than 60% are indicated above the nodes. The new record Panus similis (HKAS 121668) is in black bold. in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot

FIGURE. Phylogram of Panus generated from Maximum likelihood analysis of ITS sequence data. Lentinus crinitus (MK408650) was selected as the outgroup taxon. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values greater than 60% are indicated above the nodes. The new record Panus similis (HKAS 121668) is in black bold.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

dryad28/100

Mind the outgroup and bare branches in total-evidence dating: a case study of Pimpliform Darwin Wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)

Taxon sampling is a central aspect of phylogenetic study design, but it has received limited attention in the context of total-evidence dating, a widely used dating approach that directly integrates molecular and morphological information from extant and fossil taxa. We here assess the impact of commonly employed outgroup sampling schemes and missing morphological data in extant taxa on age estimates in a total-evidence dating analysis under the uniform tree prior. Our study group is Pimpliformes, a highly diverse, rapidly radiating group of parasitoid wasps of the family Ichneumonidae. We analyze a data set comprising 201 extant and 79 fossil taxa, including the oldest fossils of the family from the Early Cretaceous and the first unequivocal representatives of extant subfamilies from the mid Paleogene. Based on newly compiled molecular data from ten nuclear genes and a morphological matrix that includes 222 characters, we show that age estimates become both older and less precise with the inclusion of more distant and more poorly sampled outgroups. These outgroups not only lack morphological and temporal information, but also sit on long terminal branches and considerably increase the evolutionary rate heterogeneity. In addition, we discover an artefact that might be detrimental for total-evidence dating: "bare-branch attraction", namely high attachment probabilities of certain fossils to terminal branches for which morphological data are missing. Using computer simulations, we confirm the generality of this phenomenon and show that a large phylogenetic distance to any of the extant taxa, rather than just older age, increases the risk of a fossil being misplaced due to bare-branch attraction. After restricting outgroup sampling and adding morphological data for the previously attracting, bare branches, we recover a Jurassic origin for Pimpliformes and Ichneumonidae. This first age estimate for the group not only suggests an older origin than previously thought, but also that diversification of the crown group happened well before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Our case study demonstrates that in order to obtain robust age estimates, total-evidence dating studies need to be based on a thorough and balanced sampling of both extant and fossil taxa, with the aim of minimizing evolutionary rate heterogeneity and missing morphological information.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Experimental evidence that intruder and group member attributes affect outgroup defence and associated within-group interactions in a social fish

In many social species, individuals communally defend resources from conspecific outsiders. Participation in defence and in associated within-group interactions, both during and after contests with outgroup rivals, is expected to vary between group members because the threat presented by different outsiders is not the same to each individual. However, experimental tests examining both the contributions to, and the consequences of, outgroup conflict for all group members are lacking. Using groups of the cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher, we simulated territorial intrusions by different-sized female rivals and altered the potential contribution of subordinate females to defence. Dominant and subordinate females defended significantly more against size- and rank-matched intruders, while males displayed lower and less variable levels of defence. Large and small, but not intermediate-sized, intruders induced increased levels of within-group aggression during intrusions, which was targeted at the subordinate females. Preventing subordinate females from helping in territorial defence led to significant decreases in post-contest within-group and female-specific submissive and affiliative displays. Together, these results show that the defensive contributions of group members vary greatly depending both on their own traits and on intruder identity, and this variation has significant consequences for within-group social dynamics both during and in the aftermath of outgroup contests.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: What's in an outgroup? The impact of outgroup choice on the phylogenetic position of Thalattosuchia (Crocodylomorpha) and the origin of Crocodyliformes

Outgroup sampling is a central issue in phylogenetic analysis. However, good justification is rarely given for outgroup selection in published analyses. Recent advances in our understanding of archosaur phylogeny suggest that many previous studies of crocodylomorph and crocodyliform relationships have rooted trees on outgroup taxa that are only very distantly related to the ingroup (e.g., Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum), or might actually belong within the ingroup. Thalattosuchia, a group of Mesozoic marine crocodylomorphs, has a controversial phylogenetic position—they are recovered as either the sister group to Crocodyliformes, in a basal position within Crocodyliformes, or nested high in the crocodyliform tree. Thalattosuchians lack several crocodyliform apomorphies, but share several character states with derived long-snouted forms with a similar ecological habit, suggesting their derived position may be the result of convergent evolution. Several of these "shared" characters may result from ambiguously worded character state definitions—structures that are superficially similar but anatomically different in detail are identically coded. A new analysis of crocodylomorphs with increased outgroup sampling recovers Thalattosuchia as the sister group to Crocodyliformes, distantly related to long-snouted crocodyliforms. I also demonstrate that expanding the outgroup sampling of previously published matrices results in the recovery of thalattosuchians as sister to Crocodyliformes. The exclusion of thalattosuchians from Crocodyliformes has numerous implications for large-scale evolutionary trends within the group, including extensive convergence in the evolution of the secondary palate characteristic of the group. These results demonstrate the importance of careful outgroup sampling and character construction, and their profound effect on the position of labile clades.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: When outgroups fail; phylogenomics of rooting the emerging pathogen, Coxiella burnetii

Rooting phylogenies is critical for understanding evolution, yet the importance, intricacies and difficulties of rooting are often overlooked. For rooting, polymorphic characters among the group of interest (ingroup) must be compared to those of a relative (outgroup) that diverged before the last common ancestor (LCA) of the ingroup. Problems arise if an outgroup does not exist, is unknown, or is so distant that few characters are shared, in which case duplicated genes originating before the LCA can be used as proxy outgroups to root diverse phylogenies. Here, we describe a genome-wide expansion of this technique that can be used to solve problems at the other end of the evolutionary scale: where ingroup individuals are all very closely related to each other, but the next closest relative is very distant. We used shared orthologous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 10 whole genome sequences of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever in humans, to create a robust, but unrooted phylogeny. To maximize the number of characters informative about the rooting, we searched entire genomes for polymorphic duplicated regions where orthologs of each paralog could be identified so that the paralogs could be used to root the tree. Recent radiations, such as those of emerging pathogens, often pose rooting challenges due to a lack of ingroup variation and large genomic differences with known outgroups. Using a phylogenomic approach, we created a robust, rooted phylogeny for C. burnetii.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

dryad28/100