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52 results for “paramo”
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Quichuana Knab (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the paramo ecosystems in Colombia
FIGURE 1. Distribution map of Quichuana citara sp. n., Q. nigropilosa sp. n., Q. cf. fasciata, Q. dolorosa and Q. quixotea in Colombia.
FIGURE 4. A–B in Two new species of Quichuana Knab (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the paramo ecosystems in Colombia
FIGURE 4. A–B. Quichuana citara sp. n., female, paratype (CEUA 87045). A: Detail of wing microtrichia, dorsal view; B: Posterior leg, lateral view. C–D. Quichuana nigropilosa sp. n., female, holotype (CEUA 87092). C: Detail of wing microtrichia, dorsal view; D: Posterior leg, ventral view.
Distribution. It ranges through temperate zone forests and paramos from the Cordillera Central in C Colombia through the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador to the eastern Andean cloud forests in Peru, southward to Junin department. The exact range is unknown and there are obvious distributional gaps. One major natural gap is the dry forest south of the Huancabamba depression, which separates the northern population from the main Peruvian population. in Cervidae
Distribution. It ranges through temperate zone forests and paramos from the Cordillera Central in C Colombia through the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador to the eastern Andean cloud forests in Peru, southward to Junin department. The exact range is unknown and there are obvious distributional gaps. One major natural gap is the dry forest south of the Huancabamba depression, which separates the northern population from the main Peruvian population.
On following pages: 526. Spy Hocicudo (Oxymycterus delator); 527. Atlantic Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus dosytrichos); 528. Quaestor Hocicudo (Oxymycterus quaeston; 529. Inca Hocicudo (Oxymyecterus inca); 530. Paramo Hocicudo (Oxymycterus paramensis); 531. Elfin Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nigrifrons); 532. Upper Yungas Inca Hocicudo (Oxymycterus juliacae); 533. Small Yungas Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hiska); 534. Quechuan Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hucucha); 535. Mount Caparao Hocicudo (Oxymycterus caparoae); 536. Red Hocicudo (Oxymycterus rufus); 537. Darwin's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nasutus); 538. Ravine Hocicudo (Oxymycterus wayku); 539. Cook's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus josel); 540. Common Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys cerradensis); 541. Hairy-eared Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys lasiotis); 542. Roraima Mouse (Podoxymys roraimae); 543. Blackish Grass Mouse (Thaptomys nigrita); 544. Ecuadorean Akodont (Necromys punctulatus); 545. Northern Akodont (Necromys urichi); 546. Hairy-tailed Akodont (Necromys lasiurus); 547. Pleasant Akodont (Necromys amoenus); 548. White-chinned Akodont (Necromys lactens), 549. Lillo's Akodont (Necromys lilloi); 550. Dark-furred Akodont (Necromys obscurus); 551. Kemp's Grass Mouse (Deltamys kempi); 552. Araucaria Grass Mouse (Deltamys araucaria); 553. Serra do Mar Grass Mouse (Castoria angustidens). in Cricetidae
On following pages: 526. Spy Hocicudo (Oxymycterus delator); 527. Atlantic Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus dosytrichos); 528. Quaestor Hocicudo (Oxymycterus quaeston; 529. Inca Hocicudo (Oxymyecterus inca); 530. Paramo Hocicudo (Oxymycterus paramensis); 531. Elfin Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nigrifrons); 532. Upper Yungas Inca Hocicudo (Oxymycterus juliacae); 533. Small Yungas Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hiska); 534. Quechuan Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hucucha); 535. Mount Caparao Hocicudo (Oxymycterus caparoae); 536. Red Hocicudo (Oxymycterus rufus); 537. Darwin's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nasutus); 538. Ravine Hocicudo (Oxymycterus wayku); 539. Cook's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus josel); 540. Common Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys cerradensis); 541. Hairy-eared Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys lasiotis); 542. Roraima Mouse (Podoxymys roraimae); 543. Blackish Grass Mouse (Thaptomys nigrita); 544. Ecuadorean Akodont (Necromys punctulatus); 545. Northern Akodont (Necromys urichi); 546. Hairy-tailed Akodont (Necromys lasiurus); 547. Pleasant Akodont (Necromys amoenus); 548. White-chinned Akodont (Necromys lactens), 549. Lillo's Akodont (Necromys lilloi); 550. Dark-furred Akodont (Necromys obscurus); 551. Kemp's Grass Mouse (Deltamys kempi); 552. Araucaria Grass Mouse (Deltamys araucaria); 553. Serra do Mar Grass Mouse (Castoria angustidens).
On following pages: 626. Niceforo Maria's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys nicefori); 627. Popayan Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys popayanus); 628. Short-faced Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys baeops); 629. Snow-footed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys niveipes); 630. Principal Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys princeps); 631. Silky Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys bombycinus); 632. Red Andean Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys auricularis); 633. Cinnamon-colored Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys cinnameus); 634. Central Andes Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys contradictus); 635. Ashy-bellied Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys cinereiventen; 636. Colombian Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys dispar); 637. Soft-furred Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys lanigen); 638. Ash-colored Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys cinereus); 639. Wandering Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys erro); 640. Paramo Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys paramorum); 641. Forest Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomyssilvestris); 642. Smoky Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys fumeus); 643. Pichincha Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys vulcani); 644. Ucucha Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys ucucha); 645. Taczanowski's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys taczanowskii); 646. Golden Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys aureus); 647. White-tipped Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys caudivarius); 648. Hudson's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys hudsoni); 649. Reddish-backed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys pyrrhonotus); 650. Montane Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys oreas); 651. Cajamarca Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys praetor; 652. Distinguished Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys notatus); 653. Apeco Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys apeco); 654. Peruvian Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys eleusis); 655. Strong-tailed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys ischyrus); 656. Reddish-nosed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys rosalinda); 657. Large-eared Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys macrotis); 658. Ashaninka Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys onkiro); 659. Inca Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys incanus), 660. Kalinowski's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys kalinowskii); 661. Slender Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys gracilis); 662. Daphne's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys daphne); 663. Anderson's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys anderson); 664. Austral Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys australis); 665. Ladew's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys ladewi). in Cricetidae
On following pages: 626. Niceforo Maria's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys nicefori); 627. Popayan Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys popayanus); 628. Short-faced Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys baeops); 629. Snow-footed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys niveipes); 630. Principal Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys princeps); 631. Silky Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys bombycinus); 632. Red Andean Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys auricularis); 633. Cinnamon-colored Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys cinnameus); 634. Central Andes Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys contradictus); 635. Ashy-bellied Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys cinereiventen; 636. Colombian Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys dispar); 637. Soft-furred Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys lanigen); 638. Ash-colored Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys cinereus); 639. Wandering Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys erro); 640. Paramo Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys paramorum); 641. Forest Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomyssilvestris); 642. Smoky Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys fumeus); 643. Pichincha Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys vulcani); 644. Ucucha Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys ucucha); 645. Taczanowski's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys taczanowskii); 646. Golden Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys aureus); 647. White-tipped Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys caudivarius); 648. Hudson's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys hudsoni); 649. Reddish-backed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys pyrrhonotus); 650. Montane Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys oreas); 651. Cajamarca Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys praetor; 652. Distinguished Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys notatus); 653. Apeco Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys apeco); 654. Peruvian Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys eleusis); 655. Strong-tailed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys ischyrus); 656. Reddish-nosed Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys rosalinda); 657. Large-eared Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys macrotis); 658. Ashaninka Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys onkiro); 659. Inca Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys incanus), 660. Kalinowski's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys kalinowskii); 661. Slender Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys gracilis); 662. Daphne's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys daphne); 663. Anderson's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys anderson); 664. Austral Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys australis); 665. Ladew's Oldfield Mouse (Thomasomys ladewi).
Fig. 1 in PARAMO: A Pipeline for Reconstructing Ancestral Anatomies Using Ontologies and Stochastic Mapping
Fig. 1. Amalgamation of stochastic maps. Vertical bars are tree branches, their segments are mapped character states. The amalgamation of the stochastic map S1{0,1} and S2{0,1} yields the map S1,2{00,01,11,10}.
Fig. 3 in PARAMO: A Pipeline for Reconstructing Ancestral Anatomies Using Ontologies and Stochastic Mapping
Fig. 3. Amalgamation of stochastic maps corresponding to the characters of legs from Hymenoptera phylogeny (S7, S8, S9) into one 'leg character' (SL); see also Fig. 2.
The role of ground type, moisture and temperature on the vertical growth of lichens: A test of hypotheses with paramo lichens
<p>There is little reliable information about determinants of vertical growth in terricolous lichens, traditionally divided into short "crustose", intermediate "foliose" and tall "fruticose" growth forms, a practice that artificially hides a growth continuum. Substrate, temperature and especially water are thought to affect, but such factors are hard to measure, because, for example, the water actually available to lichens does not match rainfall patterns or even over ground levels. To reliably assess the effect of those factors, I recorded the temperature, moisture and substrate in and under individual lichen colonies in 415 fixed PVC frame quadrats (Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica, 9°33'N; 83°45'W), on April, August, October and December of 2015. The measurements are more reliable because they were taken inside the colonies themselves (rather than on the general environment), because they covered hundreds of cases during a year, and because they are from the relatively simple paramo habitat, where animals or vegetation have less impact on lichens than in lower ecosystems. The hypotheses were that lichens would grow taller on softer, warmer and moister ground, on the moister Caribbean versant and on the moister part of the year. Results matched the hypotheses, with one exception: lichens on soft ground were not taller than those on rock. Caribbean colonies were, on the average, 7 cm taller than those on the drier Pacific versant. Foliose, fruticose and crustose lichens were equally frequent as dominant in the quadrats. Crustose species, together with their bacterial and microinvertebrate communities, with suffer the most with global warming.</p>
The role of ground type, moisture and temperature on the vertical growth of lichens: A test of hypotheses with paramo lichens
<p>There is little reliable information about determinants of vertical growth in terricolous lichens, traditionally divided into short "crustose", intermediate "foliose" and tall "fruticose" growth forms, a practice that artificially hides a growth continuum. Substrate, temperature and especially water are thought to affect, but such factors are hard to measure, because, for example, the water actually available to lichens does not match rainfall patterns or even over ground levels. To reliably assess the effect of those factors, I recorded the temperature, moisture and substrate in and under individual lichen colonies in 415 fixed PVC frame quadrats (Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica, 9°33'N; 83°45'W), on April, August, October and December of 2015. The measurements are more reliable because they were taken inside the colonies themselves (rather than on the general environment), because they covered hundreds of cases during a year, and because they are from the relatively simple paramo habitat, where animals or vegetation have less impact on lichens than in lower ecosystems. The hypotheses were that lichens would grow taller on softer, warmer and moister ground, on the moister Caribbean versant and on the moister part of the year. Results matched the hypotheses, with one exception: lichens on soft ground were not taller than those on rock. Caribbean colonies were, on the average, 7 cm taller than those on the drier Pacific versant. Foliose, fruticose and crustose lichens were equally frequent as dominant in the quadrats. Crustose species, together with their bacterial and microinvertebrate communities, with suffer the most with global warming.</p>
FIGURE 1 in A New Species Of Telipogon (Oncidiinae; Orchidaceae) From The Paramos Of Colombia
FIGURE 1. Illustration of Telipogon heinrichsii. A. Habit. B. Flower (frontal view, rotated 180°). C. Dissected perianth. D–E. Lateral and frontal view of the column, respectively. F. Cross section of the ovary. Drawing by Oscar Alejandro Pérez-Escobar, based on Pérez & Minnig 875 (VALLE!).
FIGURE 2. Telipogon heinrichsii. A in A New Species Of Telipogon (Oncidiinae; Orchidaceae) From The Paramos Of Colombia
FIGURE 2. Telipogon heinrichsii. A. Plant in situ. B. Flower, frontal view. C–D. Side and frontal view of the column, respectively. Photographs by Marta Kolanowska (A–B) and Oscar Alejandro Pérez-Escobar (C–D).
FIGURE 6 in Siphula paramensis V. Marcano & L. Castillo (Icmadophilaceae, Lichenized Fungi), a new species from the high paramo in Venezuela
FIGURE 6. Typical habitat of Siphula paramensis on the Sierra Nevada de Merida at the Venezuelan Andes, 3800 m. A. Paramo Los Chorros valley. B. Steep moraine slope. Arrows indicate the site of the populations.
FIGURE 1 in Siphula paramensis V. Marcano & L. Castillo (Icmadophilaceae, Lichenized Fungi), a new species from the high paramo in Venezuela
FIGURE 1. Habit of Siphula paramensis (V. Marcano, L. Castillo & D. Abreu 21–65 holotype); scale = 0.6 cm.
FIGURE 3 in Siphula paramensis V. Marcano & L. Castillo (Icmadophilaceae, Lichenized Fungi), a new species from the high paramo in Venezuela
FIGURE 3. Comparison of cross sections in Siphula paramensis (A and B) and S. subsimplex (C and D). A–B. Specimens showing thin cortex, continuous algal layer and compact medulla (V. Marcano, L. Castillo & D. Abreu 21–65 holotype); A, scale = 0.3 mm; B, scale = 0.4 mm. C–D. Thicker cortex, algal layer sometimes interrupted, and compact medulla with cells occasionally interspersed (V. Marcano CHU-28-05 holotype); scales = 0.4 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Siphula paramensis V. Marcano & L. Castillo (Icmadophilaceae, Lichenized Fungi), a new species from the high paramo in Venezuela
FIGURE 5. Characteristic substrate of Siphula paramensis growing on exposed, granitic rock surfaces in steep slope, Paramo Los Chorros valley, Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuelan Andes.
FIGURE 2 in Siphula paramensis V. Marcano & L. Castillo (Icmadophilaceae, Lichenized Fungi), a new species from the high paramo in Venezuela
FIGURE 2. Comparative details of lobes in Siphula paramensis (A and B) and S. subsimplex (C and D). A–B. Specimens exhibiting rounded, rugose, entire apices (V. Marcano, L. Castillo & D. Abreu 21–65, holotype); scale = 0.6 mm. C–D. Secondary, erect, more or less terete divisions emerging from the apices (V. Marcano CHU–28–05, holotype); C, scale 0.4 mm; D, scale = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE. Typical habitats of Ramalina species on northern South America. A. High paramo, Laguna Anteojos, Sierra Nevada de Merida, where grows on rocks R. anteojina at 4100 m. B. Sub-paramo (timberline), La Aguada, Sierra Nevada de Merida, 3100 m, where are found R. dictyota and R. reducta on shrubs. C. Andean cloud forest, La Victoria, Sierra Nevada de Merida where R. cochlearis, R. cumanensis and R. victoriana are found growing as epiphytes. D. Populations of R. usnea, R. morrocoyensis and R. paradisensis growing as epiphytes on mangroves and Suriana maritima at sea level, National Park Morrocoy, state Falcón; the latter two species are known only from this locality. E. Ramalina usnea is the only species of this genus reported from the Alto Orinoco, Amazonas, near La Esmeralda, 150 m, growing as corticolous in submontane forests, at the top of the picture the Cerro Duida. F. Xerophytic forests from the National Park Cerro Santa Ana, state Falcón, where Ramalina santanensis and R. microphylla are known only growing on soil and rocks at 200–400 m. Photos V. Marcano. in The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America
FIGURE. Typical habitats of Ramalina species on northern South America. A. High paramo, Laguna Anteojos, Sierra Nevada de Merida, where grows on rocks R. anteojina at 4100 m. B. Sub-paramo (timberline), La Aguada, Sierra Nevada de Merida, 3100 m, where are found R. dictyota and R. reducta on shrubs. C. Andean cloud forest, La Victoria, Sierra Nevada de Merida where R. cochlearis, R. cumanensis and R. victoriana are found growing as epiphytes. D. Populations of R. usnea, R. morrocoyensis and R. paradisensis growing as epiphytes on mangroves and Suriana maritima at sea level, National Park Morrocoy, state Falcón; the latter two species are known only from this locality. E. Ramalina usnea is the only species of this genus reported from the Alto Orinoco, Amazonas, near La Esmeralda, 150 m, growing as corticolous in submontane forests, at the top of the picture the Cerro Duida. F. Xerophytic forests from the National Park Cerro Santa Ana, state Falcón, where Ramalina santanensis and R. microphylla are known only growing on soil and rocks at 200–400 m. Photos V. Marcano.
Data from: Northernmost distribution of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in South America, and fragmentation of its associated Andean forest and Paramo ecosystems
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Plant functional traits in 42 paramo species in Colombia
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
FIGURE 7 in A new small frog species of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern paramos of Colombia
FIGURE 7. Graphic representation of the two roots of the discriminant analysis for morphometrics.
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