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193 results for “parsimony”
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales.
Text-fig. 5. Most parsimonious trees obtained after addition of the Pennipollis plant to the (A) D&E and (B) J/M trees. Relative parsimony of alternative positions of the Pennipollis plant is indicated as in Text-fig. 2; abbreviations as in Text-fig. 1. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation
Text-fig. 5. Most parsimonious trees obtained after addition of the Pennipollis plant to the (A) D&E and (B) J/M trees. Relative parsimony of alternative positions of the Pennipollis plant is indicated as in Text-fig. 2; abbreviations as in Text-fig. 1.
Figure 6. Four most parsimonious phylogenetic trees for 12S in New insight into the systematic position of the endemic Madagascan genus Amberiana (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Dinidoridae) using 12S rDNA sequences
Figure 6. Four most parsimonious phylogenetic trees for 12S rDNA sequences of 28 species used in this study generated using the maximum parsimony method. Bootstrap support is indicated at nodes; the frame shows the clade consisting of Amberiana montana and Sehirus luctuosus.
Fig. 2. Statistical parsimony cladogram network representing relationships among the 45 haplotypes for a 615 in Genetic diversity of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in Korea and comparison with COI sequence datasets from East Asia, Europe, and North America
Fig. 2. Statistical parsimony cladogram network representing relationships among the 45 haplotypes for a 615 bp fragment of the COI gene of Halyomorpha halys. Each circle is labeled with haplotype number, and the size of each circle is proportional to the frequency of each haplotype [H3 (n = 353); H1 (n = 285); H22 (n = 43); H8 (n = 34); H33 (n = 23); H2 (n = 16); H32 (n = 8); H7, H9–H13, and H43 (n = 3); H6, H14, H34, H39, and H40 (n = 2); H4–H5, H12, H15–H21, H23, H30–H31, H35–H38, H41, H42, and H44–H51 (n = 1)]. Differing colors indicate countries in which samples were collected.
FIGURE 7. 1, Strict consensus tree for parsimony analysis including Marada arcanum. 2 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 7. 1, Strict consensus tree for parsimony analysis including Marada arcanum. 2, Bootstrap support for single most parsimonious tree from analysis excluding Marada arcanum (see text for details). Vombatidae indicated in purple.
FIG. 9. — Most parsimonious tree T1 in A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insecta, Odonatoptera, Panodonata)
FIG. 9. — Most parsimonious tree T1 (obtained with PAUP4.0b10, Branch and Bound option), Consistency Index CI: 0.9375, CI excluding uninformative characters: 0.9231, Retention Index RI: 0.9375, and RC (RC = CI × RI): 0.8789.
Text-fig. 7. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Mugideiriflora portugallica, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 7. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Mugideiriflora portugallica, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014).
Text-fig. 8. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Lambertiflora elegans, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 8. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Lambertiflora elegans, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014).
Text-fig. 9. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Atlantocarpus virginiensis, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 9. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Atlantocarpus virginiensis, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014).
Figure 2. Strict consensus cladogram from two equally parsimonious trees from a in Notograptidae, sister to Acanthoplesiops Regan (Teleostei: Plesiopidae: Acanthoclininae), with comments on biogeography, diet and morphological convergence with Congrogadinae (Teleostei: Pseudochromidae)
Figure 2. Strict consensus cladogram from two equally parsimonious trees from a branch-and-bound search using composite coding of the data set in Table 1 (no. of steps = 123; CI = 0.642; RC = 0.547; RI = 0.852). Nodes are lettered as in the text. Characters supporting each node, those without homoplasy in bold, are: A – 1, 2, 3, 4(1), 5, 6, 7, 8; B – 9, 10(1), 11(1); C – 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; D – 17; E – 18, 19(1), 20; F – 21, 22, 23; G – 10(2), 24, 25, 26; H – 4(2), 18, 19(1), 28, 29, 30, 31(1); I – 32(1), 33; J – 46, 58; K – 34, 35, 36, 37, 38(1); L – 19(2), 39, 40(1), 41, 42, 46, 47; M – 43, 44, 45; N – 31(2), 48, 50, 51, 53; O – 32(3), 49, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59; P – 47; Q – 36, 38(2). Numbers below nodes are decay indices.
Fig. 4. Maximum Parsimony consensus tree for the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I in New species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann, 1903 (Characiformes: Characidae) with comments on the Moenkhausia oligolepis species complex
Fig. 4. Maximum Parsimony consensus tree for the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I. Numbers represent values of 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Figure 7. The strict consensus tree obtained from the parsimony analysis with 35 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia
Figure 7. The strict consensus tree obtained from the parsimony analysis with 35 characters ordered. Support values above lines at each node show bootstrap> 50% and Bayesian credibility values> 70% (100% = *). Values below lines are numbers of unambiguous synapomorphies for each node. Clades A, B, and C are referred to in text and Table 4.
Figure 273. The unique most parsimonious tree found with Pee-Wee with K in The genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Canary Islands
Figure 273. The unique most parsimonious tree found with Pee-Wee with K = 4 (L = 254, CI = 41, RI = 65) based on the COMPLETE matrix.
Figure 32. Two most parsimonious trees, A and B in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification
Figure 32. Two most parsimonious trees, A and B (L = 272, CI = 54, RI = 83) of relationships among Cetopsidae and outgroups, based on matrix in Appendix 2. Note in particular alternative topologies within Cetopsidium.
Figure 3. A, the single most parsimonious tree derived from 2129 in Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of the genus Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger, 1835 and the monophyly of the turtle family Geoemydidae (Testudines: Testudinoidea)
Figure 3. A, the single most parsimonious tree derived from 2129 aligned characters of mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cyt-b) (CI = 0.40; TL = 31; RI = 0.58) using maximum parsimony. Of these, 1229 characters are constant and 708 characters are parsimony-informative. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values and below are Bremer values. B, strict consensus of 96 trees generated from 1244 aligned characters of nuclear genes (Rag1 and Cmos) (CI = 0.82; TL = 205; RI = 0.84) using maximum parsimony. Of these, 1086 characters are constant and 90 are parsimonyinformative. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values and below are Bremer values.
Fig. 20. Most parsimonious cladogram for the 58 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)
Fig. 20. Most parsimonious cladogram for the 58 myological characters (CI = 0.82, RI = 0.90). Numbers identify clades, which are discussed in the text and used in the apomorphy list (table 4).
Fig. 4. Unrooted maximum parsimony cox1 in How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages
Fig. 4. Unrooted maximum parsimony cox1 tree of the genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761 as inferred from partial cox1 amino acid se- quences. Numbers above branches indicate MP bootstrap support (1 000 replicates)/ML bootstrap support (1 000 replicates)/NJ bootstrap support (1 000 replicates). Sequences newly reported in this study are bold typed.
Figure 2. - Phylogenetic relationships among Dicronocephalus species reconstructed with Bayesian inference using COI sequences. Numbers above branches indicate ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches are bootstrap, symmetric resampling, and jacknife support from parsimony searches, respectively. Scale bar represents 10% nucleotide mutation rate.
Figure 2. - Phylogenetic relationships among Dicronocephalus species reconstructed with Bayesian inference using COI sequences. Numbers above branches indicate ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches are bootstrap, symmetric resampling, and jacknife support from parsimony searches, respectively. Scale bar represents 10% nucleotide mutation rate.
Figure 2. - Bayesian (GTR+Γ+I and HKY+Γ models) and maximum likelihood 50% majority-rule consensus tree. Numbers in the nodes represent posterior probabilities (GTR+Γ+I and HKY+Γ, respectively), and bootstrap value for maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses, respectively. c1–Bragança, Pará; c2–Santa Maria do Pará, Pará; c3–National Forest of Amapá, Amapá; c4–Belém, Pará; i1–Solimões River, near Manaus, Amazonas; i2–Xingu River, Altamira, Pará; i3 and i4–Itacoatiara, Amazonas. MYBP–million years before present.
Figure 2. - Bayesian (GTR+Γ+I and HKY+Γ models) and maximum likelihood 50% majority-rule consensus tree. Numbers in the nodes represent posterior probabilities (GTR+Γ+I and HKY+Γ, respectively), and bootstrap value for maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses, respectively. c1–Bragança, Pará; c2–Santa Maria do Pará, Pará; c3–National Forest of Amapá, Amapá; c4–Belém, Pará; i1–Solimões River, near Manaus, Amazonas; i2–Xingu River, Altamira, Pará; i3 and i4–Itacoatiara, Amazonas. MYBP–million years before present.
Figure 4. - Phylogenetic relationships among Dicronocephalus species reconstructed with Bayesian inference using COI and 16S rRNA sequences. Numbers above branches indicate ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches are bootstrap, symmetric resampling, and jacknife support from parsimony searches, respectively. Scale bar represents 10% nucleotide mutation rate.
Figure 4. - Phylogenetic relationships among Dicronocephalus species reconstructed with Bayesian inference using COI and 16S rRNA sequences. Numbers above branches indicate ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches are bootstrap, symmetric resampling, and jacknife support from parsimony searches, respectively. Scale bar represents 10% nucleotide mutation rate.
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