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Data and code for "Extreme and compound ocean events are key drivers of projected low pelagic fish biomass"

<p>This repository provides the data and code for the paper "Extreme and compound ocean events are key drivers of projected low pelagic fish biomass". Almost all data required to produce the figures in this study are provided. However, not all raw data are provided, because of too large file sizes. For more information, please contact natacha.legrix@unibe.ch</p> <p>In Version 2, an error has been corrected in the computation of the grid cell area, which significantly affected values in Fig. A1.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in Review Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor

FIGURE 1 The fossil records of the earliest sedentary and motile multicellular eukaryotes, metazoans and bilaterians. The first appearance of metazoan and bilaterian phyla (where records are present) is indicated by a genus name, a higher-level taxon acronym, and an age estimation (in millions of years). Several taxa with uncertain attribution are included to show diversity. Note that there is no evidence for active mobility of the muticellular eukaryotes over a very long period of time (see text for references and details). Abbrevations: Act = Acanthocephala; Ann = Annelida; Art = Arthropoda; Bil = Bilateria; Cha = Chaetognatha; Cte = Ctenophora; Cni = Cnidaria; Cho = Chordata; Deu = Deuterostomia; Ech = Echinodermata; Ecd = Ecdysozoa; Enp = Enteropneusta; Ent = Entoprocta; Gna = Gnathifera; Loph = Lophophorata; Lphz = Lophotrochozoa; Met = Metazoa; Mol = Mollusca; Pho = Phoronida; Por = Porifera; Pri = Priapulida; Pte = Pterobranchia; Tun = Tunicata. The controversial motile metazoans without evident bilaterian affinities are indicated by an asterisk. ARTWORK AND DESIGN BY TATIANA KORSHUNOVA

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

FIGURE 5 in Review Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor

FIGURE 5 Reconstructions of the adult states of the sedentary/semi-sedentary stem groups (indicated by asterisks) with well-defined clonal reproduction in the major bilaterian lineages Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa and the semi-sedentary/motile crown groups with reduced clonality (based on recent or fossil taxa, except for the reconstructed stem-chordata). The drawings and text from bottom to top are meant to illustrate the evolutionary changes along these lineages. The cephalic shield and potential derived structures (foot and mantle, see assessment of the potential homology in the text) are indicated by yellow, the oral lobes indicated by green, the stolon and tail by blue, the protoconch-like structures by violet, and the gut by red. ARTWORK BY TATIANA KORSHUNOVA

F I G U R E 1 in Pelagic observations of the midwater scorpionfish Ectreposebastes imus (Setarchidae) suggests a role in trophic coupling between deep-sea habitats

F I G U R E 1 Ectreposebastes imus (a) observed by submersible JAGO in midwater at 350 m off the island of Santo Ant~ ao, Cabo Verde. Side view of the fish in vertical position with head up, as it was observed when encountered by submersible, (b) observed by PELAGIOS in the horizontal position and (c) observed by PELAGIOS in the vertical position

F I G U R E 3 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 3 Images of the proximal and distal sides of the right and left otoliths from black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789). Scale bar and the plane at which the length and width of the otolith were measured are shown.

F I G U R E 1 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 1 Three specimens of black fish (Centrolophus niger) caught during the International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas in 2021. Specimens were photographed prior to freezing. Photograph by James Kennedy.

F I G U R E 8 Total length v in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 8 Total length v. (a) total weight, (b) fork length, and (c) standard length for black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) from the current and previous studies. The origin of the previous data is indicated in the legend. (a) Nonlinear and (b, c) linear regression models are shown. Note that total weight corresponds to frozen weight for measurements in the current study, whereas for previous studies, corresponds to the weight given in the respective study.

F I G U R E 2 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 2 Location of sampling stations of the Icelandic component of the International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas 2009–2021. Stations where black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) were caught are shown in Black. The main surface currents in the Northeast Atlantic are shown in the final panel; the cold East Greenland current (green) and the warm Atlantic current (red) (Blindheim & Østerhus, 2005).

F I G U R E 7 Total length v in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 7 Total length v. (a) frozen weight, (b) fork length, (c) and standard length and frozen weight v. (d) thawed weight for black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789). (a) Nonlinear and (b–d) linear regression models are shown (a–d) as well as x = y line (d).

F I G U R E 4 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 4 Temperature profiles from the CTD probe at each station of the Icelandic part of the International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas (IESSNS) where black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) were caught.

Fig. 17 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 17 (previous page). Rioceratid and orthocerid cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A-C. Eosomichelinoceras borealis sp. nov., from bed PO 123.3. A. Specimen FMNH-P30278, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. B. Specimen FMNH-P30279, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. C. Specimen FMNH-20288, holotype, ventral view. D–F, I. Hinlopoceras tempestatis gen. et sp. nov., from bed PO 07. D. Specimen FMNH-P30359, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward right. E. Specimen FMNH-30479, adult(?) body chamber, ventral view, prosiphuncular side. F. Specimen FMNH-P30362, strongly annulated fragment of body chamber. G–H, J. Hinlopoceras venti gen. et sp. nov. G. Specimen FMNH-P30262, from bed PO 07, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. H. Specimen FMNH-P30266, from bed PO 7.5, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward right. I. Specimen FMNH-P30360; note the nearly smooth adapical part of the fragment. J. Specimen FMNH-P30267, from bed PO 7.5, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. Scale bar = 10 mm for all figures.

Fig. 55 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 55. Model of cephalopod habitat and faunal composition for three intervals (trilobite biozones V1a, V1b-c, V2b) of the depositional time of the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician at Profilstranda (PO) section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. Absolute water depth is estimated from septal implosion depths of cephalopods during V2b, from presence of photic zone biomarker signatures in all Olenidsletta Member samples (Lee et al. 2019), and from a global amplitude of eustatic sea level change of ca 80 m during the Floian (Haq & Schutter 2008).

Fig. 53 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 53. Cephalopod occurrences in sampled intervals of the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda (PO) section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. 0 from Fortey (1980), 1 from Lehnert et al. (2013), 2 from Cooper & Fortey (1982). Grey shaded time interval marks nileid trilobite assemblage after Fortey & Barnes 1977. Section from Kröger et al. (2017). Symbols for organism groups as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 52 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 52. Single most parsimonious tree resulting from constrained analysis with the "concave" interpretation plotted against stratigraphy. Stratigraphic units (in grey boxes) are Ordovician stage slices after Bergström et al. (2009), modified by Rasmussen et al. (2019). Vertical range of stage slices represents absolute age (after Rasmussen et al. 2019). Abbrevations: Tr = Tremadocian; Fl = Floian; Dp = Dapingian; Dw = Darriwilian.

Fig. 51 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 51. Single most parsimonious trees of four separate cladistic analyses to test different a priori interpretations and hypotheses. A–B. Shape of siphuncular segments of critical species interpreted as "tubular". C–D. Shape of siphuncular segments of critical species interpreted as "concave". B–D. Analyses with several topological constraints enforced under an assumption of the monophyly of the Endocerida, Oncocerida, and Orthocerida (see methods for details). Critical species are: Ethanoceras solitudines sp. nov., Olenidslettoceras farmi gen. et sp. nov., Svalbardoceras sterna gen. et sp. nov., and Valhalloceras floweri Evans & King, 1990. Grey boxes indicate established order level classification of species in the analysis. Values above branches are Bremer supports (if> 1), values below branches are bootstrap supports (absolute and GC frequencies).

Fig. 54 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 54. Rank abundance diagram of cephalopod rich horizons of the V1 (black circles) and V2 (white circles) trilobite biozone with ranks of the six most important species listed.

Fig. 46 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 46. Litoceras profilbekkenense sp. nov., FMNH-P30329, holotype, from bed PO 131, from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. Lateral view of left side of fragment of body chamber. B. Ventral view and whorl cross section with siphuncular perforation preserved. C. Lateral view of right side. Scale bar = 10 mm for all figures.

Fig. 42 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 42. Deltoceras beluga sp. nov., FMNH-P30321, holotype, from bed PO 07, from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. View from right side. B. Ventral view; note the deep u-shaped hyponomic sinus. C. View from left side. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 43 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 43. Diagrams of whorl expansion rate (WER) and whorl width index (WWI) of Deltoceras beluga sp. nov., from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. Solid lines connect measurements from individual specimens. Data of type specimens of D. planum Hyatt, 1894 from Ulrich et al. (1942). See Supp. file 2 for details of measurements

Fig. 44 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 44. Cross sections of coiled cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen with details of siphuncular position and impression zone of conch. A. Deltoceras beluga sp. nov., FMNH-P30322, from bed PO 07. B. Litoceras profilbekkenense sp. nov, FMNH-P30329, holotype, from bed PO 131, C. Trocholitoceras juvenicostatum Ulrich et al., 1942, FMNH-P30324, from bed PO 131. D. Trocholitoceras walcotti Hyatt, 1894, FMNH-P30328, from bed PO 131. Scale bars = 10 mm.