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FIGURES 119–128 in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 119–128. Male genital tubercles of Agaveocoris spp. 119, A. agavis. 120, A. barberi. 121, A. barrerai, n. sp. 122, A. bimaculatus, n. sp. 123, A. dimidiatus, n. sp. 124, A. distanti. 125, A. roseus, n. sp. 126, A. rostratus, n. sp. 127, A. schaffneri, n. sp. 128, A. scutellatus, n. sp.

FIGURES 94–103 in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 94–103. Male genitalia of Agaveocoris and Laterospinocoris spp. A. schaffneri, n. sp.: 94, endosoma. 95, right paramere. 96, left paramere. A. scutellatus, n. sp.: 97, endosoma. 98, left paramere. 99, right paramere. L. cyaneipennis: 100, right paramere. 101, left paramere. L. mexicanus, n. sp.: 102, left paramere. 103, right paramere.

FIGURES 104–99 in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 104–99. Male genitalia of Nigrotomocoris spp. N. keltoni, n. sp.: 104, endosoma. 105, left paramere. 106, right paramere. N. longirostris, n. sp. 107, left paramere. 108, right paramere. N. nigrus: 109, left paramere. 110, right paramere. N. tibiopallidus: 111, left paramere. 112, right paramere.

FIGURES 80–93 in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 80–93. Male genitalia of Agaveocoris spp. A. dimidiata, n. sp.: 80, endosoma. 81, left paramere. 82, right paramere. A. distanti, n. sp.: 83, endosoma. 84, left paramere. 85, right paramere. A. marginalis, n. sp.: 86, endosoma. 87, left paramere. 88, right paramere. A. roseus, n. sp.: 89, right paramere. 90, left paramere. A. rostratus, n. sp.: 91, endosoma. 92, left paramere. 93, right paramere.

FIGURES 67–77 in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 67–77. Male genitalia of Caulotops and Agaveocoris spp. Caulotops platensis: 67, genital capsule. 68, left paramere. 69, right paramere. Agaveocoris agavis: 70, endosoma. 71, left paramere. 72, right paramere. A. barberi: 73, left paramere. 74, right paramere. A. barrerai, n. sp.: 75, left paramere. 76, right paramere. A. bimaculatus, n. sp.: 77, endosoma. 78, left paramere. 79, right paramere.

FIGURES 43–54. Laterospinocoris and Nigrotomocoris spp. 43, L in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 43–54. Laterospinocoris and Nigrotomocoris spp. 43, L. cyaneipennis (Reuter), male (dorsal aspect). 44, L. cyaneipennis, male (lateral aspect). 45, L. cyaneipennis, female (dorsal aspect). 46, L. mexicanus, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 47, L. mexicanus, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 48, L. mexicanus, n. sp., female (dorsal aspect). 49, N. keltoni, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 50, N. keltoni, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 51, N. keltoni, n. sp., female (dorsal aspect). 52, N. longirostris, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 53, N. longirostris, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 54, N. longirostris, n. sp., female (dorsal aspect).

FIGURES 32–42. Agaveocoris spp. 32, A. roseus, n in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 32–42. Agaveocoris spp. 32, A. roseus, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 33, A. roseus, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 34, A. roseus, female (dorsal aspect). 35, A. rostratus, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 36, A. rostratus, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 37, A. rostratus, n. sp., female (dorsal aspect). 38, A. schaffneri, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 39, A. schaffneri, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 40, A. schaffneri n. sp., female (dorsal aspect). 41, A. scutellatus n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 42, A. scutellatus, n. sp., female (dorsal aspect).

FIGURE 1 in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURE 1. Strict consensus tree of three equally parsimonious New Technology, 1000 Random Addition Search trees of 143 steps.

FIGURES 21–31. Agaveocoris spp. 21, A. dimidiatus, n in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 21–31. Agaveocoris spp. 21, A. dimidiatus, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 22, A. dimidiatus, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 23, A. dimidiatus, n. sp., female (dorsal aspect). 24, A. distanti (Reuter), male (brown color form, dorsal aspect). 25, A. distanti (Reuter), male (brown color form, lateral aspect). 26, A. distanti, female (brown color form, dorsal aspect). 27, A. distanti, male (reddish-orange color form, dorsal aspect). 28, A. distanti, female (reddish-orange color form, dorsal aspect). 29, A. marginalis, n. sp., male (dorsal aspect). 30, A. marginalis, n. sp., male (lateral aspect). 31, A. roseus, n. sp., female (dorsal aspect).

FIGURES 2–7 in Revision and Phylogeny of the Eccritotarsine Plant Bug Genus Caulotops Bergroth, with Descriptions of Four New Genera and 14 New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) Associated with Agave (Agavoideae Asparagaceae) and Related Plant Genera

FIGURES 2–7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of Agaveocoris agavis. 2, head and pronotum, dorsal aspect. 3, head and pronotum, lateral aspect. 4, head, frontal aspect. 5, metathoracic scent gland opening and ostiolar evaporative area. 6, genital capsule, showing right and left paramere and tubercle, caudal aspect. 7, genital capsule, showing right paramere and tubercle, lateral aspect.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Supplementary tables S5, S7, S9, S10, original protein models fasta files used for alignments, aligned and manually curated protein modes files used for phylogenies (PHYLIP format), and phylogenetic trees of plant cell wall decomposition gene families from 44 basidiomycete genomes (.tre files)

Litter-decomposing Agaricales play key role in terrestrial carbon cycling, but little is known about their decomposition mechanisms. We assembled datasets of 42 gene families involved in plant-cell-wall decomposition from seven newly sequenced litter decomposers and 35 other Agaricomycotina members, mostly white-rot and brown-rot species. Using sequence similarity and phylogenetics, we split the families into phylogroups and compared their gene composition across nutritional strategies. Subsequently, we used Raman spectroscopy to examine the ability of litter decomposers, white-rot fungi, and brown-rot fungi to decompose crystalline cellulose. Both litter decomposers and white-rot fungi share the enzymatic cellulose decomposition, whereas brown-rot fungi possess a distinct mechanism that disrupts cellulose crystallinity. However, litter decomposers and white-rot fungi differ with respect to hemicellulose and lignin degradation phylogroups, suggesting adaptation of the former group to the litter environment. Litter decomposers show high phylogroup diversity, which is indicative of high functional versatility within the group, whereas a set of white-rot species shows adaptation to bulk-wood decomposition. In both groups, we detected species that have unique characteristics associated with hitherto unknown adaptations to diverse wood and litter substrates. Our results suggest that the terms white-rot fungi and litter decomposers mask a much larger functional diversity.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Community composition of arctic root-associated fungi mirrors host plant phylogeny

The number of plant species regarded as non-mycorrhizal increases at higher latitudes, and several plant species in the High-Arctic Archipelago Svalbard have been reported as non-mycorrhizal. We used the rRNA ITS2 and 18S gene markers to survey which fungi, as well as other micro-eukaryotes, were associated with roots of 31 arctic plant species not usually regarded as mycorrhizal in Svalbard. We assessed to what degree the root-associated fungi showed any host preference and whether the phylogeny of the plant hosts may mirror the composition of root-associated fungi. Fungal communities were largely structured according to host plant identity and to a less extent by environmental factors. We observed a positive relationship between the phylogenetic distance of host plants and the distance of fungal community composition between samples, indicating that the evolutionary history of the host plants plays a major role for which fungi colonize the plant roots. In contrast to the ITS2 marker, the 18S rRNA gene marker showed that chytrid fungi were prevalently associated with plant roots, together with a wide spectrum of amoeba-like protists and nematodes. Our study confirms that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are present also in arctic environments in low abundance.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes

Background: Next-generation sequencing has provided a wealth of plastid genome sequence data from an increasingly diverse set of green plants (Viridiplantae). Although these data have been useful for reconstructing the phylogeny of numerous clades of photosynthetic organisms (e.g., green algae, angiosperms, and gymnosperms), their utility for inferring relationships across all green plants is uncertain. Viridiplantae originated 700-1500 million years ago and may comprise as many as 500,000 species. This clade represents a major source of photosynthetic carbon and contains an immense diversity of life forms, including some of the smallest and largest eukaryotes. Here we explore the limits and challenges of inferring a comprehensive green plant phylogeny from available complete or nearly complete plastid genome data. Results: We assembled protein-coding sequence data for 78 genes from 360 diverse green plant taxa with complete or nearly complete plastid genome sequences available from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses of the plastid data recovered well-supported backbone relationships and strong support for relationships that were not observed in previous analyses of major subclades within Viridiplantae. However, there also is evidence of systematic error in some analyses. In several instances we obtained strongly supported but conflicting topologies from analyses of nucleotides versus amino acid characters, and the considerable variation in GC content among lineages and within single genomes affected the phylogenetic placement of several taxa. Conclusions: Analyses of the plastid data recovered a strongly supported framework of relationships for green plants. This includes the placement of Zygnematophyceace as sister to land plants (Embryophyta) and a clade of extant gymnosperms (Acrogymnospermae) with cycads + Ginkgo sister to remaining members and with gnetophytes (Gnetophyta) sister to non-Pinaceae conifers (Gnecup trees); within the monilophyte clade (Monilophyta), relationships are strongly supported with Equisetales + Psilotales sister to Marattiales + leptosporangiate ferns. We also highlight the challenges of using plastid genome sequences in deep-level phylogenomic analyses and provide suggestions for future analyses that will likely incorporate plastid genome data for thousands of species. We particularly emphasize the importance of exploring the effects of different partitioning and character coding protocols for the entire data set as well as subsets of the data.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Flower traits, habitat and phylogeny as predictors of pollinator service: a plant community perspective

Pollinator service is essential for successful sexual reproduction and long-term population persistence of animal-pollinated plants, and innumerable studies have shown that insufficient service by pollinators results in impaired sexual reproduction ("pollen limitation"). Studies directly addressing the predictors of variation in pollinator service across species or habitats remain comparatively scarce, which limits our understanding of the primary causes of natural variation in pollen limitation. This paper evaluates the importance of pollination-related features, evolutionary history and environment as predictors of pollinator service in a large sample of plant species from undisturbed montane habitats in southeastern Spain. Quantitative data on pollinator visitation were obtained for 191 insect-pollinated species belonging to 142 genera in 43 families, and the predictive values of simple floral traits (perianth type, class of pollinator visitation unit, and visitation unit dry mass), phylogeny, and habitat type were assessed. A total of 24,866 pollinator censuses accounting for 5,414,856 flower-min of observation were conducted on 510 different dates. Flowering patch and single flower visitation probabilities by all pollinators combined were significantly predicted by the combined effects of perianth type (open vs. restricted), class of visitation unit (single flower vs. flower packet), mass of visitation unit, phylogenetic relationships, and habitat type. Pollinator composition at insect order level varied extensively among plant species, largely reflecting the contrasting visitation responses of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera to variation in floral traits. Pollinator composition had a strong phylogenetic component, and the distribution of phylogenetic autocorrelation hotspots of visitation rates across the plant phylogeny differed widely among insect orders. Habitat type was a key predictor of pollinator composition, as major insect orders exhibited decoupled variation across habitat types in visitation rates. Comprehensive pollinator sampling of a regional plant community has shown that pollinator visitation and composition can be parsimoniously predicted by a combination of simple floral features, habitat type and evolutionary history. Ambitious community-level studies can help to formulate novel hypotheses and questions, shed fresh light on long-standing controversies in pollination research (e.g., "pollination syndromes"), and identify methodological cautions that should be considered in pollination community studies dealing with small, phylogenetically-biased plant species samples.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Plant geographic origin and phylogeny as potential drivers of community structure in root-inhabiting fungi

1. Root-inhabiting fungal communities, including mutualists and antagonists, influence host plant performance, and can potentially shape plant community composition. However, there is uncertainty about how root-inhabiting fungal communities are structured, and if fungal community characteristics are significant predictors of host plant abundance. 2. In this study, we first assessed how root-inhabiting fungal communities were structured in relation to the phylogeny and geographic origins (native vs exotic) of their host plants in an old-field community. In addition, we took into consideration the spatial arrangements (i.e. physical locations) of the individual host plants. We then tested if the relative abundances of pathogenic and beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi could predict host plant abundances. 3. We found that host plant phylogeny was an important factor in structuring the whole fungal community, irrespective of host plant origin. Furthermore, the spatial arrangements of individual host plants were a strong predictor of AM fungal community structure. Host plant phylogeny and spatial arrangements appeared to similarly affect the structure of pathogenic fungal communities. No distinct differences were observed between native and exotic plant species in fungal community characteristics. The relative abundances of AM and pathogenic fungi were not significant predictors for observed abundances of their host plants. 4. Synthesis. Host plant phylogeny and spatial arrangements can structure naturally occurring root-inhabiting fungal communities. The absence of distinct differences in fungal community composition, including pathogens, in exotic and native plants suggests long residence times and the consequent naturalization of exotic species in the region, allowing for the establishment of similar plant-microbial interactions between native and exotic species.

FIGURES 10–11 in Taxonomy, host-plant associations and phylogeny of African Crotalaria - feeding seed beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): the Conicobruchus strangulatus (Fåhraeus) species group

FIGURES 10–11. Conicobruchus strangulatus: 10—median lobe; 11—basal strut and lateral lobes (specimen 14495, Senegal).

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy, host-plant associations and phylogeny of African Crotalaria - feeding seed beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): the Conicobruchus strangulatus (Fåhraeus) species group

FIGURE 2. Conicobruchus atrosuturalis: 2—median lobe (Paratype, Ethiopia); arrows were used to show the following structures: 2A—minute spinules; 2B—ctenoid scales; 2C—small sclerotized teethes; 2D—strong ventro-lateral dented rods; 2E—teethes; 2F—dented sticks or masses; 2G—apical ampoule.

FIGURES 3–4 in Taxonomy, host-plant associations and phylogeny of African Crotalaria - feeding seed beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): the Conicobruchus strangulatus (Fåhraeus) species group

FIGURES 3–4. Conicobruchus cicatricosus: 3—median lobe; 4—basal strut and lateral lobes (specimen 02212, Kenya).

FIGURE 18 in Taxonomy, host-plant associations and phylogeny of African Crotalaria - feeding seed beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): the Conicobruchus strangulatus (Fåhraeus) species group

FIGURE 18. Best tree (L= -25368.23) from the partitioned maximum likelihood analyses of the dataset. Bootstrap values> 50% are figured on nodes.

FIGURES 12–17 in Taxonomy, host-plant associations and phylogeny of African Crotalaria - feeding seed beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): the Conicobruchus strangulatus (Fåhraeus) species group

FIGURES 12–17. Conicobruchus strangulatus: Ornamentation of saccus, ventral view: 12—specimen 00714, Burkina Faso; 13—specimen 02699, Senegal, Dakar; 14—specimen 14395, Dakar (Joal); 15—specimen 00614, Mali; 16—specimen 14495, Senegal (Missira); 17—specimen 19207, Senegal (Nianing).