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Fig. 8 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 8. Anterior view of anterior caudal vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/7. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/8. Hypothesized pneumatic fossae indicated by arrows.

Fig. 5 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 5. Computed tomography-based visualizations of middle to posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/4) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Three-dimensional digital model in right posterolateral view. B. Sagittal section (anterior to left) with arrows indicating internal cavities hypothesized as pneumatic structures.

Fig. 6 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 6. Histology of a dorsal rib (UNPSJB-PV 1007/28) of the holotype of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Complete cross section of the rib sampled for histology. B. Detail of the dense Haversian bone in the cortex. C. General view of fibrolamellar bone tissue. D. Detail of fibrolamellar bone tissue. Note the abundance of longitudinally oriented vascular spaces in C and D. E. Four of the seven growth marks preserved in the primary bone tissue (indicated by arrowheads).

Fig. 2 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 2. Dorsal vertebrae of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/13, partial anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/12, partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra in dorsal view (B2), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fossa in dorsal view (B1). C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/4, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (dashed lines indicate approximate margins of laterodiapophyseal fenestra). D. UNPSJB-PV 1007/5, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (D1), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fenestra in right posterolateral view (D2). Arrows indicate hypothesized pneumatic structures.

Fig. 7 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 7. Posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropodomorph Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, BP/1/6566 from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of Spion Kop, South Africa, in posterior (A), right posterolateral (B), and left posterolateral (C) views. Close−ups of right (D) and left (E) posterior infradiapophyseal fossae. Photograph (E1) and explanatory drawing (E2).

Fig. 13 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 13. Vertebrae of the helmeted guinea fowl, Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758), BP/4/1332 from Gauteng, South Africa, in anterior view. A. Last free cervical, C15. B. Last presacral thoracic, T4. Arrows point to the main pneumatic foramina of each vertebra. Note that the pneumatic foramina occur on the anteroventral surface of the transverse processes of both vertebrae despite being formed by diverticula from different sources. In A the diverticula extend from the cervical air sac system whereas in B the foramina result from the activity of diverticula from the abdominal air sacs.

Fig. 10 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 10. Vertebrae of the Spion Kop sauropod from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa. A. Posterior dorsal vertebra, BP/1/6183a in posterior view (A1). Close−up of left (A2) and right (A3) posterior infradiapophyseal fossae. Note that the right subfossa cannot be seen in A1 due to the oblique distortion of the specimen. B. Cervical vertebra,?C3, BP/1/6199 in left lateral view.

Fig. 11 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 11. Posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropodomorph Camelotia borealis Galton, 1985, NHM R.2873 from the Upper Triassic Westbury Formation of Somerset, England. A. Posterior view. B. Close−up of left posterior infradiapophyseal fossa.

Fig. 2. A in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 2. A simplified cladogram of sauropodomorph dinosaurs indicating the relative positions of various anchor taxa, or their inclusive clades, other taxa discussed in the paper and the higher−level taxonomy that is used. Dots represent node−based taxa, arrows represent stem−based taxa.

Fig. 3 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 3. Selected vertebrae of basal sauropodomorphs showing the three primary infradiapophyseal fossae (shaded grey) and their bounding laminae (not to scale). A. Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837; C9, the posterior cervical vertebra. B. Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837; D2, the anterior dorsal vertebra. Note that in this vertebra the central position of the parapophysis precludes the presence of a paradiapophyseal lamina and so the AIDF and MIDF are separated by an anterior centroparapophyseal lamina. C. Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, a middle posterior dorsal vertebra. Note that in this vertebra the prezygodiapophyseal lamina and the AIDF are absent. A, B redrawn from Bonaparte (1999).

Fig. 6 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 6. Neural arch of posterior cervical vertebra,?C7 of the basal sauropodomorph Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, BP/1/6615 from the Elliot Formation of Spion Kop, South Africa, in left lateral view.

Fig. 9 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 9. Middle posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropod Antetonitrus ingenipes Yates and Kitching, 2003, BP/1/4952 from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation of Ladybrand, South Africa, in right lateral (A) and posterior (B) views. Left (C) and right (D) posterior infradiapophyseal fossa in oblique posterolateral and slightly ventral views. Close up of invasive left posterior infradiapophyseal subfossa (E).

Fig. 1 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 1. The pneumaticity profile of O'Connor (2006: fig. 12). The osteological correlate with the lowest specificity is at the bottom of the profile, while the correlate that specifies only pneumatic diverticula is at the top. The profile has been modified to indicate that pneumatic diverticula can form simple vertebral fossae.

Fig. 8 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 8. Sacral elements of the basal sauropodomorph Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of Spion Kop, South Africa. A. Incomplete neural arch of first sacral vertebra, BP/1/5379 in left lateral (A1) and posterior (A2) views. Close−up of left posterior fossa in posteroventral view (A3). Note the subfossae separated by a ridge (arrowed). B. First sacral centrum, BP/1/6241 in left lateral (B1) and oblique posterolateral and slightly ventral (B2) views. Close−up of the dorsolateral fossa (B3) developed behind the sutural scar for the attachment of the sacral rib.

Fig. 5 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 5. Dorsal vertebrae of the basal sauropodomorph Eucnemesaurus fortis Van Hoepen, 1920, from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation of South Africa. A. Posterior dorsal BP/1/6107 in posterior (A1) and right posterolateral (A2) views. Close−up of the right posterior infradiapophyseal fossa in posterolateral view (A3). B. Neural arch of middle dorsal TM 119 in right lateral view.

Fig. 4 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 4. Cervico−dorsal transition of the vertebral column of the basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837, AMNH 6810 from the Upper Triassic Loewenstein Formation of the Trossingen Quarry, Germany. A. The posterior cervical vertebrae, C9 and 10 (left and middle) and the first dorsal vertebra, D1 (right) in left lateral view. B. Close−up of the pneumatic fossa on the dorsal surface of C10.

Fig. 12. A in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 12. A phylogenetic diagram showing the distribution of invasive PSP along the vertebral column (the caudal series is truncated) in Sauropodomorpha. Black boxes indicate the presence of pneumatic fossae or invasive infradiapophyseal subfossae. Note that in the case of Plateosaurus PSP is presently known in a single specimen whereas other specimens of same taxon lack it. The phylogeny is based on Yates (2010), with the modification that Eucnemesaurus is placed closer to Anchisauria than Massospondylus is. The position of the Spion Kop sauropod is based on an unpublished analysis (AMY unpublished data). The distributions of PSP in the taxa not directly examined in this study were gleaned from the following sources: Pantydraco (Yates 2003; Wedel 2007), Tazoudasaurus (Allain and Aquesbi 2008), Shunosaurus (Zhang 1988), Jobaria (Sereno et al. 1999), Haplocanthosaurus (Hatcher 1903).

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Fig. 9 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 9. Photographs and reconstructions of soft−tissues in the neck of Amargasaurus cazaui (MACN−N−15)), La Amarga, Neuquén, Argentina, La Amarga Formation, Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous. A. 7th and 8th cervical vertebra in left lateral (A) and in cranial aspects (A) and with close−up cranial view show1 2 ing crests at the cranial face of neural spines (A). B. Isolated cervical rib in dorsal (B) and ventral (B) aspects. C. Vertebral corpus of 5th cervical vertebra 3 1 2 in ventral aspect. D. 10th cervical vertebral in left lateral aspect. E. Transverse cross−sections through cervical vertebra in the diapophysis region, with internal extension of pneumatic cavities basing on Dicraeosaurus hansemanni (see also Fig. 8). Scale bars 60 mm, E is not to scale.

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Fig. 5 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 5. Cervical vertebrae of extant crocodylians and birds exposing osteological correlates for soft−tissue. A. Neural spine of 7th cervical vertebra of Crocodylus porosus (FUB OS 13) in cranial (A1), caudal (A2) and lateral (A3) aspects. Note subdivision of the rugosity for the interlaminar elastic ligament in A1 and A2. B. Neural spines of cervical vertebrae of Casuarius casuarius (NHM 1829) in craniodorsal (B1) and caudal (B2) aspects. Note bifurcate neural spine and distinct rugosity for the interlaminar elastic ligament in B. C. Neural spine of 14th cervical vertebra of Rhea americana (NHM 3534) in caudal 2 (C1) and dorsal (C2) aspect, with rugosity for interspinal elastic ligament virtually not being distinguishable from rugosity for interlaminar elastic ligaments, as in B and D. D. Neural spines of Sarcorhamphus gryphus (NMB 3295) in craniolateral (D1) and caudal (D2) aspect. Scale bars 10 mm.