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151 results for “population tree”
Figure 5. A minimum evolution tree using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 in DNA barcoding of black cherry aphid Myzus cerasi (Fabricus, 1775) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations collected from Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus
Figure 5. A minimum evolution tree using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences from Myzus cerasi populations.
Figure 4. A maximum likelihood tree using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 in DNA barcoding of black cherry aphid Myzus cerasi (Fabricus, 1775) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations collected from Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus
Figure 4. A maximum likelihood tree using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences from Myzus cerasi populations.
Figure 1 in Seasonal mite population distribution on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Cerrado domain
Figure 1. Number of Acaridae, Agistemus sp., Eutetranychus sp., Histiostoma sp., Proctolaelaps sp., and Tetranychus sp.1 and 2 on leaf (per cm 2), and number of Proctolaelaps sp. and Histiostoma sp. per fruit on Caryocar brasiliense. Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Seasonal mite population distribution on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Cerrado domain
Figure 2. Temperature (°C), rainfall (mm), relative humidity of air (%), sunlight (h), and velocity of wind (m/sec). Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
Data for: Population genomics and conservation management of the threatened black-footed tree-rat (Mesembriomys gouldii) in northern Australia
<p>Genomic diversity is a fundamental component of Earth's total biodiversity and requires explicit consideration in efforts to conserve biodiversity. To conserve genomic diversity, it is necessary to measure its spatial distribution and quantify the contribution that any intraspecific evolutionary lineages make to overall genomic diversity. Here, we describe the range-wide population genomic structure of a threatened Australian rodent, the black-footed tree-rat (<em>Mesembriomys</em> <em>gouldii</em>), aiming to provide insight into the timing and extent of population declines across a large region with a dearth of long-term monitoring data. By estimating recent trajectories in effective population sizes at four localities, we confirm widespread population decline across the species' range, but find that the population in the peri-urban area of the Darwin region has been more stable. Based on current sampling, the Melville Island population made the greatest contribution to overall allelic richness of the species, and the prioritisation analysis suggested that conservation of the Darwin and Cobourg Peninsula populations would be the most cost-effective scenario to retain more than 90% of all alleles. Our results broadly confirm current sub-specific taxonomy and provide crucial data on the spatial distribution of genomic diversity to help prioritise limited conservation resources. Along with additional sampling and genomic analysis from the far eastern and western edges of the black-footed tree-rat distribution, we suggest a range of conservation and research priorities that could help improve black-footed tree-rat population trajectories at large and fine spatial scales, including the retention and expansion of structurally complex habitat patches.</p>
Figures 4–5. Phylogenetic tree for Aedes vexans populations constructed from 395 in Global phylogeography of the flood mosquito, Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae), from mitochondrial DNA
Figures 4–5. Phylogenetic tree for Aedes vexans populations constructed from 395 haplotypes from the COI gene by using Bayesian Inference, BI (4) and Maximum Likelihood, ML (5). The evolutionary history for both analyses was inferred by using the GTR + G model, as suggested by jModelTest version 2.1.10. The BI tree was obtained by using 2-million generations, while the ML used 1,000 replicas. For BI, the support of the branches is indicated by the subsequent probability values, while for ML the bootstrap values are shown. Numbers in blue represent sequences from the A. nipponii subspecies. In both figures the colors below denote the continents and their respective countries: (z) America (Canada and USA) + Europe (Turkey); (z) Asia (China, India, Japan, Singapore and South Korea); (z) Europe (Sweden and Belgium) + Asia (China); (z) Eurasia (Romania, Sweden, Belgium, Russia, Kosovo, the Netherlands, China, Spain, Germany, Iran, Austria and Hungary); (z) Africa (South Africa); (z) America (USA) + Africa (South Africa).
Data from: Winter-moth populations are isolated on co-occurring tree species with contrasting budburst-phenology
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Data and code from: Evaluating genomic offset predictions in a forest tree with high population genetic structure
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Datasets for microsatellite genotype for natural populations and seedlings from six mother trees, and seedling survival and growth records
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Data for: Population genomics and conservation management of the threatened black-footed tree-rat (Mesembriomys gouldii) in northern Australia
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Data from: Multi-scale spatial genetic structure within and between populations of wild cherry trees in nuclear genotypes and chloroplast haplotypes
Spatial genetic structure (SGS) of plants mainly depends on the effective population size and gene dispersal. Maternally inherited loci are expected to have higher genetic differentiation between populations and more intensive SGS within populations than biparentally inherited loci because of smaller effective population sizes and fewer opportunities of gene dispersal in the maternally inherited loci. We investigated biparentally inherited nuclear genotypes and maternally inherited chloroplast haplotypes of microsatellites in 17 tree populations of three wild cherry species under different conditions of tree distribution and seed dispersal. As expected, inter-population genetic differentiation was 6–9 times higher in chloroplast haplotypes than in nuclear genotypes. This difference indicated that pollen flow 4–7 times exceeded seed flow between populations. However, no difference between nuclear and chloroplast loci was detected in within-population SGS intensity due to their substantial variation among the populations. The SGS intensity tended to increase as trees became more aggregated, suggesting that tree aggregation biased pollen and seed dispersal distances toward shorter. The loss of effective seed dispersers, Asian black bears, did not affect the SGS intensity probably because of mitigation of the bear loss by other vertebrate dispersers and too few tree generations after the bear loss to alter SGS. The findings suggest that SGS is more variable in smaller spatial scales due to various ecological factors in local populations.
Data from: Multi-population seedling and soil transplants show possible responses of a common tropical montane tree species (Weinmannia bangii) to climate change
<p>A possible response of many plant species to global warming is migration to higher elevations. However, these migrations may not be required if species can tolerate higher temperatures, or may be prevented if there are other factors such as changes in soil conditions that make upslope areas unsuitable.</p> <p>We used a set of 3-year field transplant experiments in the remote Peruvian Andes to simulate two possible responses of an abundant tropical montane cloudforest tree species (Weinmania bangii) to global warming: (1) "upward migration", in which case seedlings of W. bangii's were grown at their current elevation/temperature but in soils transplanted from higher elevations; and (2) "migration failure", in which case seedlings were transplanted downslope along with their home soils into areas that are 1°C or 2°C warmer. We conducted separate experiments with populations from the upper/leading edge, middle and lower/trailing edges of W. bangii's elevational/thermal range to assess the influence of local adaptation on responses to changes in temperature or soil.</p> <p>We found that seedling survival and growth were not affected by changes in soil conditions, regardless of the origin population. However, seedling survival decreased with temperature. A simulated warming of 1°C caused a significant reduction in the survival of seedlings transplanted from the mid-range population, and 2°C warming caused a severe decrease in the survival of seedlings transplanted from both the mid-range and bottom-edge populations.</p> <p>Synthesis. Our findings reveal that rising temperatures are a serious threat to plants, especially in populations growing in the hotter portion of their species' range. At least in the case of W. bangii, novel soil conditions will not limit the establishment or growth of seedlings at higher elevations. As such, decreases in the survivorship at lower elevations may be offset through upward migrations as temperatures continue to increase.</p>
Data from: Declines in low-elevation subalpine tree populations outpace growth in high-elevation populations with warming
1. Species distribution shifts in response to climate change require that recruitment increase beyond current range boundaries. For trees with long lifespans, the importance of climate-sensitive seedling establishment to the pace of range shifts has not been demonstrated quantitatively. 2. Using spatially explicit, stochastic population models combined with data from long-term forest surveys, we explored whether the climate-sensitivity of recruitment observed in climate manipulation experiments was sufficient to alter populations and elevation ranges of two widely distributed, high-elevation North American conifers. 3. Empirically observed, warming-driven declines in recruitment led to rapid modeled population declines at the low-elevation, "warm edge" of subalpine forest and slow emergence of populations beyond the high-elevation, "cool edge". Because population declines in the forest occurred much faster than population emergence in the alpine, we observed range contraction for both species. For Engelmann spruce, this contraction was permanent over the modeled time horizon, even in the presence of increased moisture. For limber pine, lower sensitivity to warming may facilitate persistence at low elevations – especially in the presence of increased moisture – and rapid establishment above treeline, and, ultimately, expansion into the alpine. 4. Synthesis. Assuming 21st century warming and no additional moisture, population dynamics in high-elevation forests led to transient range contractions for limber pine and potentially permanent range contractions for Engelmann spruce. Thus, limitations to seedling recruitment with warming can constrain the pace of subalpine tree range shifts.
Data from: Variation in population structure and dynamics of montane forest tree species in Ethiopia guide priorities for conservation and research
The greatest extent of Afromontane environments in the world is found in Ethiopia. These areas support exceptional biodiversity, but forest cover and ecological integrity have declined sharply in recent decades. Conservation and management efforts are hampered in part by an inadequate understanding of the basic ecology of major tree species. We investigated population structure and inferred population dynamics from size frequency distributions of 22 forest tree species encountered in montane forests of Ethiopia. We collected new empirical data from four sites in the Bale Mountains, where some of the country's most extensive and least disturbed forests remain, and conducted a systematic review and analysis of all such studies that reported population structure for one or more of these species in Ethiopia. Thirteen widespread montane tree species showed a reverse-J size distribution, indicating a relatively stable population structure. Six other species had size-frequency distributions that indicate episodic recruitment and/or removal of certain size classes. Specific causes of these patterns are uncertain: they may involve timber harvesting, herbivory, fire, or natural disturbances, but patterns were inconsistent and locality dependent. For three other tree species, existing data are inadequate for any interpretation of population structure and dynamics. A species of particular conservation concern that emerged from this analysis was Hagenia abyssinica, which was found in all areas to consist only of larger individuals with no recent recruitment. For management and conservation purposes, the species in most urgent need of new research are those with inadequate or inconsistent data, and H. abyssinica..
Anthropogenic disturbance driving population decline of a dominant tree in East Asia evergreen broadleaved forests over the last 11,000 years
<p><span>Current biodiversity loss was generally considered to be caused by </span><span>anthropogenic disturbance</span><span>, but when anthropogenic activities began to impact biodiversity loss is still </span><span>controversial</span><span>. One hypothesis suggested it was from the industrial era, while others proposed that the anthropogenic disturbance had already resulted in biodiversity decline since the Early Holocene. To test these hypotheses, we focus on subtropical East Asia, which has witnessed a land use and anthropogenic history since the Early Holocene. We selected the unique vegetation of evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs), using a genomic approach to infer the demographic history of a dominant plant (<em>Litsea</em> <em>elongata</em>) of EBLFs, and to further detangle the impact of climate change and/or anthropogenic disturbance on effective population size fluctuation. Nine well-defined geographical clades were identified within extant populations of <em>L</em>. <em>elongata</em>. The estimated historical population sizes of these clades all contracted, indicating persistent population decline over the last 11,000 years. Significant correlation was detected between demographic history and three anthropogenic disturbance factors, rather than the climate change in the Holocene. Therefore, we provided the <span>dataset used for<span> phylo</span></span>g<span>enomic analysis</span>,<span> </span><span> demographic history inference</span><span>, and correlation analysis in this study.</span></span></p>
Data for: Shifts in plant-invertebrate interactions between wild and ex-situ conservation populations of a critically endangered tree
<p>Ex-situ conservation is an effective approach to prevent the extinction of endangered species. Biotic interactions (eg herbivory and pollination) are critical to ex-situ conservation success, including plant establishment, survival, and reproduction. However, shifts in biotic interactions between wild and ex-situ populations are still poorly understood. We compared herbivory and pollination characteristics between the only wild population (WP) and three ex-situ populations (LP, local population, nearby WP; NP, north population, ca. 850 km; and SP, south population, ca. 750 km) of a critically endangered tree species (<em>Sinojackia huangmeiensis</em>) to explore the latitudinal changes in plant-invertebrate interactions. Larvae of the Limacodidae family were the dominant herbivores in WP, LP, and NP, while the only herbivore observed in SP was a snail. Compared to WP, the leaf herbivory rate was unchanged in LP but decreased in NP and SP. Leaf defense traits (total phenols, tannins, leaf thickness, and leaf dry matter content) increased or remained unchanged in the three ex-situ populations. A pollinator (<em>Apis cerana</em>) of <em>S. huangmeiensis</em> was present in the four populations. NP and SP lacked some pollinators that were found in both WP and LP, but they shared one pollinator that was not observed in WP and LP. The pollinator visiting frequency increased in SP, while it did not change significantly in LP and NP. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggested that both herbivory and pollination of <em>S. huangmeiensis</em> changed in ex-situ populations, with complete or partial changes in herbivores, leaf herbivory rate, pollinators, pollinator visiting frequency, and fruit set in the two distant ex-situ populations. This work provides a unique empirical study of shifts in both antagonistic and mutualistic biotic interactions between wild and ex-situ populations. We emphasized that it is essential to integrate herbivore and pollinator management in future ex-situ conservation of plant species.</p>
Dataset for Rapid polygenic adaptation in a wild population of ash trees under a novel fungal epidemic
<p><strong>Dataset for Rapid polygenic adaptation in a wild population of ash trees under a novel fungal epidemic</strong></p> <p>Code used for plotting of main figures and quantifying allelic shifts attached in the GitHub repository CareyMetheringham/MardenPark. Additional files for analysis of GEBV shifts between adults and juveniles, estimation of heritability, trends in green up and simulations of allelic shifts included as:</p> <ul> <li>GEBV-regression.Rmd</li> <li>heritabilityEst.R</li> <li>GreeningAnalysis.R</li> <li>Simulated_selection_analysis.Rmd</li> <li>Distinguishing the effects of selection from genetic drift.pdf</li> </ul> <p>Data files:</p> <ul> <li>S1 - phenotypic measurements for adult and juvenile trees</li> <li>S2 - Effect sizes for SNPs used to calculate GEBV</li> <li>S3 - Allelic frequencies of sites used to calculate GEBV</li> <li>related_trees.csv - Predicted parentage of trees</li> <li>gebv_model_df.csv - Data used for greenup calculations in GreeningAnalysis.R</li> <li>maf1.pass2.miss25.snps.only.LD.vcf - Filtered file of high MAF SNPs used for parentage estimation</li> <li>unlinked_sites.csv - unlinked sites used in GEBV-regression.Rmd</li> <li>ebv_table_10000_250 - table of estimated breeding values in field trial populatio, used for heritability estimation</li> <li>MP_eefects_MIA_and_MAA.csv - Data for plotting Figure 3 - Estimated effect size of the major and minor allele, plus standard error on the estimate</li> </ul>
Gene flow between wild trees and cultivated varieties shapes the genetic structure of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations
<p>The sweet chestnut orchards (<em>Castanea sativa</em> Mill.) are traditionally planted in the northern Adriatic region. This study investigates their population structure, as well as the genetic background of three toponymous clonal varieties. Six genomic simple sequence repeat (gSSR) and nine EST-derived SSR (EST-SSR) loci were utilized in this study. We have identified five closely related clones, which represent a singular, polyclonal marron variety, found in all three cultivation areas, acompanied by many hybrids, resulting from the breeding between cultivated and wild chestnuts. </p>
Data from: Linking environmental stability with genetic diversity and population structure in two Atlantic Forest palm trees
<p><span>Spatial patterns of biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil are well characterized. However, there is no consensus on the biological processes underlying these patterns, and multiple competing hypotheses have been proposed, several of which center on climatic stability. Here, we ask if Late Quaternary climatic stability predicts contemporary population structure and genomic-level diversity in two palm species: </span><span>Syagrus botryophora </span><span>and S. pseudococos (Arecaceae)</span></p> <p><span>We first use species occurrence data to model the distribution of suitable environments in 62 time-slice climate projections over the last 120 thousand years, and summarize stability over that period. We then use >25,000 RADseq-generated SNPs to i) describe the spatial patterns of genomic variation in both species, ii) test how well genomic variation is explained by isolation by distance and by the environmental resistance imposed by historical instability (isolation by resistance) and iii) test for a correlation between genetic diversity and historical stability.</span></p> <p><span>The contemporary range of S. botryophora has been relatively stable over the last 30 thousand years and there are two isolated regions of high stability for S. pseudococos. The genomic data recovers a clear pattern of isolation by distance in S. botryophora and two structured populations in S. pseudococos. Consequently, the contribution of isolation by resistance to overall genetic structure is much higher in S. pseudococos. Genetic diversity is not significantly correlated with historical stability in either species.</span></p> <p><span>Based on the concordance between historical stability and genetic structure, Late Quaternary climate stability may have maintained population connectivity within S. botryophora and promoted intraspecific divergence in S. pseudococos. Conversely, historical stability does not seem to be driving spatial patterns of genetic diversity. This study supports the primary role of climatic stability in determining spatial population structure, but not genetic diversity, in the Atlantic Forest.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in Repeatability Analysis Of Egg Shape In A Wild Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Population: A Sensitive Method For Egg Shape Description
Fig. 2. Data collecting method results in 22 co-ordinates of each eggs
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