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74 results for “prey selection”
Data from: Match and mismatch: integrating consumptive effects of predators, prey traits, and habitat selection in colonizing aquatic insects
<p>Predators are a particularly critical component of habitat quality, as they affect survival, morphology, behavior, population size, and community structure through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects. Non-consumptive effects can often exceed consumptive effects, but their relative importance is undetermined in many systems. Our objective was to determine the consumptive and non-consumptive effects of a predaceous aquatic insect, <em>Notonecta irrorata</em>, on colonizing aquatic beetles. We tested how <em>N. irrorata </em>affected survival and habitat selection of colonizing aquatic beetles, how beetle traits contributed to their vulnerability to predation by <em>N. irrorata,</em> and how combined consumptive and non-consumptive effects affected populations and community structure. Predation vulnerabilities ranged from 0–95% mortality, with size, swimming, and exoskeleton traits generating species-specific vulnerabilities. Habitat selection ranged from predator avoidance to preferentially colonizing predator patches. Attraction of Dytiscidae to <em>N. irrorata</em> may be a natural ecological trap given similar cues produced by these taxa. Hence, species-specific habitat selection by prey can be either predator-avoidance responses that reduce consumptive effects, or responses that magnify predator effects. <em>Notonecta irrorata</em> had both strong consumptive and non-consumptive effects on populations and communities, while combined effects predicted even more distinct communities and populations across patches with or without predators. Our results illustrate that an aquatic invertebrate predator can have functionally-unique consumptive effects on prey, attracting and repelling prey, while prey have functionally-unique responses to predators. Determining species-specific consumptive and non-consumptive effects is important to understand patterns of species diversity across landscapes.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Does Artificial Selection For Fixed Prey Preference Affect Learning In A Predatory Mite? Experiments To Unravel Mechanisms Underlying Polyphagy In Hypoaspis Aculeifer
FIGURE 2: Preference of T-line predators, expressed as percentages (horizontal bars) of individuals choosing prey T (0 to 100%) or prey R (0 to -100%) for four replicates and three starvation treatments: (a) – in presence of odour from prey R, (b) – in presence of odour from prey T or (c) – in absence of prey odour. Numbers shown left and right of the horizontal bars represent number of predators choosing prey R (left) or prey T (right) for each replicate experiment.
FIGURE 1 in Does Artificial Selection For Fixed Prey Preference Affect Learning In A Predatory Mite? Experiments To Unravel Mechanisms Underlying Polyphagy In Hypoaspis Aculeifer
FIGURE 1: Preference of R-line predators, expressed as percentages (horizontal bars) of individuals choosing prey T (0 to 100%) or prey R (0 to -100%) for four replicates and three starvation treatments: (a) – in presence of odour from prey R or (b) – prey T or (c) – in absence of prey odour. Numbers shown left and right of the horizontal bars represent number of predators choosing prey R (left) or prey T (right) for each replicate experiment.
Data from: Feeding en route: Prey availability and traits influence prey selection by an avian predator on migration
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Data from: Do prey select for vacant hunting domains to minimize a multi-predator threat?
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Data from: Spatial heterogeneity of habitat selection of large carnivores and their ungulate prey in proximity to roads
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Data from: Behavioral hypervolumes of predator groups and predator-predator interactions shape prey survival rates and selection on prey behavior
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Data from: Antagonistic species interaction drives selection for sex in a predator-prey system
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The importance of quantifying selection climates: Predictable and unpredictable variation in predation risk and the implications for prey responses
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Prey selection by Chordeiles minor (Common Nighthawks) does not reflect differences in prey availability between breeding and nonbreeding grounds
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No silver bullet? Snow leopard prey selection in Mt. Kangchenjunga, Nepal
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Habitat complexity dampens selection on prey activity level
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Match and mismatch: Integrating consumptive effects of predators, prey traits, and habitat selection in colonizing aquatic insects
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Data from: Temporal scale of habitat selection for large carnivores: Balancing energetics, risk and finding prey
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Confronting assumptions about prey selection by lunge-feeding whales using a process-based model
<ol> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpFirst"><span>The relative energetic benefits of foraging on one type of prey rather than another are not easily measured, particularly for large free-ranging predators. Nonetheless, assumptions about preferred and alternative prey are frequently made when predicting how a predator may impact its environment, adapt to environmental change, or interact with human activities.</span></li> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpMiddle"><span>We developed and implemented a process-based model to investigate the potential energetic benefit (PEB) of <i>in situ</i> foraging opportunities in rorqual whales. The model integrates and evaluates the energetic importance of measured prey patch characteristics (prey distribution, energy content and predator avoidance) and predator characteristics (morphometrics, foraging tactics and feeding rates). We applied the model to test the assumption that hatchery-released juvenile salmon are an "easy meal" for humpback whales compared to more common prey, herring and krill. </span></li> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpMiddle"><span>In eleven out of the thirteen foraging situations considered, whales were found to be feeding in a manner where net energy gain was greater than the energetic costs of non-foraging swimming. Humpback whale PEB for hatchery-released juvenile salmon fell within the range of the PEB for krill and herring but varied by species, from relatively high PEB for chum salmon to relatively low for coho salmon. Our model provides behavioral insight as well, indicating that shallow feeding may be more important for reducing energy expenditure through slower lunge speeds than for increasing prey capture. The model also provides a means of identifying prey patch characteristics, with prey aggregation playing the largest role in determining PEB despite being a poor overall proxy for PEB, supporting the use of the complex model framework. </span></li> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpLast"><span>Modeling approaches are especially valuable where they can use reasonable assumptions to substitute for lack of reliable observations, thereby integrating a range of interacting factors into a single framework. Additionally, because process-based models can make predictions outside the range of previously observed conditions, they will be increasingly useful in a changing climate.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Predictive modelling of habitat selection by marine predators with respect to the abundance and depth distribution of pelagic prey
1. Understanding the ecological processes that underpin species distribution patterns is a fundamental goal in spatial ecology. However, developing predictive models of habitat use is challenging for species that forage in marine environments, as both predators and prey are often highly mobile and difficult to monitor. Consequently, few studies have developed resource selection functions for marine predators based directly on the abundance and distribution of their prey. 2. We analysed contemporaneous data on the diving locations of two seabird species, the shallow-diving Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata) and deeper diving Guanay Cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvilliorum), and the abundance and depth distribution of their main prey, Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens). Based on this unique data set, we developed resource selection functions to test the hypothesis that the probability of seabird diving behaviour at a given location is a function of the relative abundance of prey in the upper water column. 3. For both species, we show that the probability of diving behaviour is mostly explained by the distribution of prey at shallow depths. While the probability of diving behaviour increases sharply with prey abundance at relatively low levels of abundance, support for including abundance in addition to the depth distribution of prey is weak, suggesting that prey abundance was not a major factor determining the location of diving behaviour during the study period. 4. The study thus highlights the importance of the depth distribution of prey for two species of seabird with different diving capabilities. The results complement previous research that points towards the importance of oceanographic processes that enhance the accessibility of prey to seabirds. The implications are that locations where prey is predictably found at accessible depths may be more important for surface foragers, such as seabirds, than locations where prey is predictably abundant. 5. Analysis of the relative importance of abundance and accessibility is essential for the design and evaluation of effective management responses to reduced prey availability for seabirds and other top predators in marine systems.
Data from: Combined measurements of prey availability explain habitat selection in foraging seabirds
Understanding links between habitat characteristics and foraging efficiency help to predict how environmental change could influence populations of top-predators. This study examines whether measurements of prey (clupeids) availability varied over stratification gradients, and determined if any of those measurements coincided with aggregations of foraging seabirds (common guillemot Uria aalge, Manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus) in the Celtic Sea, UK. The probability of encountering foraging seabirds was highest around fronts between mixed and stratified water. Prey were denser and shallower in mixed water, and encounters with prey most frequent in stratified water. Therefore, no single measurement of increased prey availability coincided with the location of fronts. However, when considered in combination, overall prey availability was highest in these areas. These results show that top-predators may select foraging habitats by trading-off several elements of prey availability. By showing that top-predators select areas where prey are switching between behaviours, these results also identify a mechanism that could explain the wider importance of edge habitats for these taxa. As offshore developments (e.g. marine renewable energy installations) change patterns of stratification, their construction may have consequences on the foraging efficiency of seabirds.
Data from: Phenotypic selection exerted by a seed predator is replicated in space and time and among prey species
Although consistent phenotypic selection arising from biotic interactions is thought to be the primary cause of adaptive diversification, studies documenting such selection are relatively few. Here we analyze 12 episodes of phenotypic selection exerted by a predispersal seed predator, the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra complex), on five species of pines (Pinus). We find that even though the intensity of selection for some traits increased with the strength of the interaction (i.e., proportion of seeds eaten), the relative strength of selection exerted by crossbills on cone and seed traits is replicated across space, time, and among species. Such selection (1) can account for repeated patterns of conifer cone evolution, and escalation in seed defenses with time, and (2) suggests that variation in selection is less the result of variation intrinsic to pairwise biotic interactions than, for example, variation in relative densities of the interacting species, community context, and abiotic factors.
Data from: Improving PCR detection of prey in molecular diet studies: importance of group-specific primer set selection and extraction protocol performances
While morphological identification of prey remains in feces of predators is the method most commonly used to study trophic interactions, many studies indicate that this method does not detect all consumed prey. Polymerase Chain Reaction based methods are increasingly used to detect prey DNA in the predator food bolus and have proved themselves efficient, with high accuracy. When studying complex diet samples, the extraction of total DNA is a critical step, as PCR inhibitors may be co-extracted. Another critical step consist in carefully select suitable group-specific primer sets that should only amplify prey DNA from the targeted taxon. In this study, the food boluses of five Rattus rattus and seven Rattus exulans were analyzed using both morphological and molecular methods. We tested a panel of 30 PCR specific primer sets targeting Bird, Invertebrate and Plant sequences and four were finally selected to be use as group-specific primer pairs in PCR protocols. The performances of four DNA extraction protocols (QIAamp DNA stool mini kit, DNeasy mericon food kit and two CTAB-based methods) were compared using four variables: DNA concentration, A260/A280 absorbance ratio, food compartment analyzed (stomach or fecal contents), total number of prey specific PCR amplification per sample. Our results clearly indicate that the A260/A280 absorbance ratio, which varies between extraction protocols, is positively correlated to the number of PCR amplifications of each prey taxon. We recommend using the DNeasy mericon food kit (Qiagen), which yielded results very similar to those achieved with the morphological approach.
Data from: Nonconsumptive predator-driven mortality causes natural selection on prey
Predators frequently exert natural selection through differential consumption of their prey. However, predators may also cause prey mortality through nonconsumptive effects, which could cause selection if different prey phenotypes are differentially susceptible to this nonconsumptive mortality. Here we present an experimental test of this hypothesis, which reveals that nonconsumptive mortality imposed by predatory dragonflies causes selection on their damselfly prey favoring increased activity levels. These results are consistent with other studies of predator-driven selection, however, they reveal that consumption alone is not the only mechanism by which predators can exert selection on prey. Uncovering this mechanism also suggests that prey defensive traits may represent adaptations to not only avoid being consumed, but also for dealing with other sources of mortality caused by predators. Demonstrating selection through both consumptive and nonconsumptive predator mortality provides us with insight into the diverse effects of predators as an evolutionary force.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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