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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Fig. 3. Trypanoxyuris keumimae n in Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Fig. 3. Trypanoxyuris keumimae n. sp. (A) Female full body, lateral view. (B) Female cephalic end, apical view. (C) Male cephalic end, apical view, (D) Male full body, lateral view; (E) Male posterior end, lateral view, (F) Male posterior end, ventral view; (G) Female cross section showing lateral alae (H) Egg.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Fig. 2. Trypanoxyuris seunimii n in Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Fig. 2. Trypanoxyuris seunimii n. sp. (A) Female full body, lateral view. (B) Female cephalic end, apical view. (C) Male cephalic end, apical view, (D) Female cross section showing lateral ala; (E) Egg; (F) Male full body, lateral view; (G) Male posterior end, ventral view; (H) Male posterior end, lateral view.

opencc-zeroNov 2018View details →

FIG. 2. — A, M2 in Previously unknown fossil platyrrhines (Primates) of Patagonia from the Tournouër collection at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris

FIG. 2. — A, M2 to MPEF-PV 10970; B, MPEF-PV 5342; C, MPEF-PV 5347b;D, MPEF-PV 5699 (mirror image); E, MNHN.F.COL93b (mirror image); F, MNHN.F.COL93a (mirror image); G, MNHN.F.COL93b and MNHN.F.COL93a identification label from MNHN. Abbreviations: Hyp, Hypocone; Pro, Protocone; Tal, Talon basin; Tri, Trigon basin; Met, Metacone; Lc, Lingual cingulum; Prepro, Preprotocrista; Hypa, Hypoparacrista; Par, Paracone; Ppar, Postparacrista; Pmet, Premetacrista; Hyme, Hypometacrista; Popro, Postprotocrista. Orientation abbreviations: D, distal; La, labial; M, mesial; Li, lingual. Scale bar: 1 mm.

opencc-zeroNov 2018View details →

FIG. 1. — MNHN.F.SCZ215 in Previously unknown fossil platyrrhines (Primates) of Patagonia from the Tournouër collection at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris

FIG. 1. — MNHN.F.SCZ215, partial mandible of Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino, 1891 with left m1 in lateral left (A), lateral right (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, m2 of MNHN.F.SCZ215; E, MNHN.F.SCZ215 identification label from MNHN. Abbreviations: alv i1, first incisor alveolus;alv i2, second incisor alveolus; alv c, canine alveolus; alv pm2, second premolar alveolus; Man Sym, Mandibular symphysis; Hypd, Hypoconid; Prd, Protoconid; Trid, Trigonid basin; Med, Metaconid; Entd, Entoconido; Tald, Talonid basin. Orientation abbreviations: D, Distal; La, Labial; M, Mesial; Li, Lingual. Scale bar: 1 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Data from: Twist and chew: three dimensional tongue kinematics during chewing in macaque primates

Three-dimensional (3D) tongue movements are central to performance of feeding functions by mammals and other tetrapods, but 3D tongue kinematics during feeding are poorly understood. Tongue kinematics were recorded during grape chewing by macaque primates using biplanar videoradiography. Complex shape changes in the tongue during chewing are dominated by a combination of flexion in the tongue's sagittal planes and roll about its long axis. As hypothesized for humans, in macaques during tongue retraction the middle (molar region) of the tongue rolls to the chewing (working) side simultaneous with sagittal flexion, while the tongue tip flexes to the other (balancing) side. Twisting and flexion reach their maxima early in the fast close phase of chewing cycles, positioning the food bolus between the approaching teeth prior to the power stroke. Although 3D tongue kinematics undoubtedly vary with food type, the mechanical role of this movement—placing the food bolus on the post-canine teeth for breakdown—is likely to be a powerful constraint on tongue kinematics during this phase of the chewing cycle. The muscular drivers of these movements are likely to include a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Simulated evolution of mating signal diversification in a primate radiation

Divergence in allopatry and subsequent diversification of mating signals on secondary contact (reinforcement) is a major driver of phenotypic diversity. Observing this evolutionary process directly is often impossible, but simulated evolution can pinpoint key drivers of phenotypic variation. We developed evolutionary simulations in which mating signals, modelled as points in phenotype space, evolve across time under varying evolutionary scenarios. We model mate recognition signals in guenons, a primate radiation exhibiting colourful and diverse face patterns hypothesized to maintain reproductive isolation via mate choice. We simulate face pattern evolution across periods of allopatry and sympatry, identifying the role of key parameters in driving evolutionary endpoints. Results show that diversification in allopatry and assortative mate choice on secondary contact can induce rapid phenotypic diversification, resulting in distinctive (between species) and stereotyped (within species) face patterns, similar to extant guenons. Strong selection against hybrids is key to diversification, with even low levels of hybrid fitness often resulting in merged populations on secondary contact. Our results support a key role for reinforcement by assortative mating in the maintenance of species diversity and support the long-proposed prehistorical scenario for how such striking diversity was produced and maintained in perhaps the most colourful of all mammalian clades.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Genetic, maternal, and environmental influences on sociality in a pedigreed primate population

Various aspects of sociality in mammals (e.g., dyadic connectedness) are linked with measures of biological fitness (e.g., longevity). How within- and between-individual variation in relevant social traits arises in uncontrolled wild populations is challenging to determine but is crucial for understanding constraints on the evolution of sociality. We use an advanced statistical method, known as the 'animal model', which incorporates pedigree information, to look at social, genetic, and environmental influences on sociality in a long-lived wild primate. We leverage a longitudinal database spanning 20 years of observation on individually recognized white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator), with a multi-generational pedigree. We analyze two measures of spatial association, using repeat sampling of 376 individuals (mean: 53.5 months per subject, range: 6-185 months per subject). Conditioned on the effects of age, sex, group size, seasonality , and El Niño–Southern Oscillation phases, we show low to moderate long-term repeatability (across years) of the proportion of time spent social (posterior mode [95% Highest Posterior Density interval]: 0.207 [0.169, 0.265]) and of average number of partners (0.144 [0.113, 0.181]) (latent scale). Most of this long-term repeatability could be explained by modest heritability (h2social: 0.152 [0.094, 0.207]; h2partners: 0.113 [0.076, 0.149]) with small long-term maternal effects (m2social: 0.000 [0.000, 0.045]; m2partners: 0.000 [0.000, 0.041]). Our models capture the majority of variance in our behavioral traits, with much of the variance explained by temporally changing factors, such as group of residence, highlighting potential limits to the evolvability of our trait due to social and environmental constraints.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Relationship between genome-wide and MHC class I and II genetic diversity and complementarity in a nonhuman primate

Although mate choice is expected to favor partners with advantageous genetic properties, the relative importance of genome-wide characteristics, such as overall heterozygosity or kinship, versus specific loci, is unknown. To disentangle genome-wide and locus-specific targets of mate choice, we must first understand congruence in global and local variation within the same individual. This study compares genetic diversity, both absolute and relative to other individuals (e.g., complementarity), assessed across the genome to that found at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a hyper-variable gene family integral to immune system function and implicated in mate choice across species. Using DNA from 22 captive olive baboons (Papio anubis), we conducted double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to estimate genome-wide heterozygosity and kinship and sequenced two class I and two class II MHC loci. We found that genome-wide diversity was not associated with MHC diversity, and that diversity at class I MHC loci was not correlated with diversity at class II loci. Additionally, kinship was a significant predictor of the number of MHC alleles shared between dyads at class II loci. Our results provide further evidence of the strong selective pressures maintaining genetic diversity at the MHC in comparison to other randomly selected sites throughout the genome. Furthermore, our results indicate that class II MHC disassortative mate choice may mediate inbreeding avoidance in this population. Our study suggests that mate choice favoring genome-wide genetic diversity is not always synonymous with mate choice favoring MHC diversity, and highlights the importance of controlling for kinship when investigating MHC-associated mate choice.

Fig. 4 in An assessment of potential distribution and climate change impacts on a critically endangered primate, the Delacour's langur

Fig. 4. Occurrence records of the Trachypithecus francoisi group based on previous research studies (Nadler et al., 2003; Workman, 2010a; Ebenau et al., 2011; Hendershott et al., 2016; Blair et al., 2021).

Fig. 3 in An assessment of potential distribution and climate change impacts on a critically endangered primate, the Delacour's langur

Fig. 3. Predicted distribution of climatically suitable habitat for the Delacour's langur under a range of different future climate change scenarios: A, MIROC6 models; B, CNRM-ESM2-1 models; C, IPSL-CM6A-LR models.

Fig. 2 in An assessment of potential distribution and climate change impacts on a critically endangered primate, the Delacour's langur

Fig. 2. Potential current distribution of the Delacour's langur generated from Maxent based on eight uncorrelated WorldClim bioclimatic variables.

Fig. 1 in An assessment of potential distribution and climate change impacts on a critically endangered primate, the Delacour's langur

Fig. 1. Occurrence records of the Delacour's langur derived from previous research studies (Nadler & Long, 2001; Nadler et al., 2003; Workman, 2010b; Ebenau et al., 2011; Wojciechowski, 2013; Nadler, 2015; Hoang & Dung, 2016; Linh et al., 2019; Nguyen et al., in press) and our field surveys.

FIGURE 10 in New primates from the Eocene of Saskatchewan: Revision of the primates from the Cypress Hills Formation with description of new taxa

FIGURE 10. Stereo pairs of upper molars of Saskomomys lindsayorum from the Swift Current Creek locality. A: RSM P3450.1470, a left M1. B: RSM P3450.1471, a right M3. Scale bar is 1 mm long.

FIGURE 7 in New primates from the Eocene of Saskatchewan: Revision of the primates from the Cypress Hills Formation with description of new taxa

FIGURE 7. Upper teeth of Saskomomys lindsayorum from Lac Pelletier, described by Storer (1990) as "Omomys sp.". A: LM1 (RSM P1899.1011, originally identified as M2). B: LM2 (RSM P1899.1010, originally identified as M1). C: LM3 (RSM P1899.1013). D: RM1 or M2 (RSM P1899.1015). E: LM2 (RSM P1899.1012). Scale bar is 1 mm long.

FIGURE 9 in New primates from the Eocene of Saskatchewan: Revision of the primates from the Cypress Hills Formation with description of new taxa

FIGURE 9. Teeth from the Swift Current Creek locality described by Storer (1984) as Omomyidae. A-B: Teeth described as "Omomyidae sp. 1". A: Rm3 of Saskomomys lindsayorum (RSM P1654.343), holotype. B: Rm3 of Saskomomys lindsayorum (RSM P1654.344). C: Molar of artiodactyl originally described as RM3 of "Omomyidae sp. 2". Scale bar is 1 mm long.

FIGURE 8 in New primates from the Eocene of Saskatchewan: Revision of the primates from the Cypress Hills Formation with description of new taxa

FIGURE 8. Lower teeth of Saskomomys lindsayorum from Lac Pelletier, described by Storer (1990) as "Omomys sp.". A: Lp3 (RSM P1899.1017) in occluso-buccal and lingual views. B: Lm1 (RSM P1899.1019). C: Lm1 (RSM P1899.1021, originally identified as m2). D: Lm2 (RSM P1899.1023). E: Rm2 (RSM P1899.1025). Scale bar is 1 mm long.

FIGURE 5 in New primates from the Eocene of Saskatchewan: Revision of the primates from the Cypress Hills Formation with description of new taxa

FIGURE 5. Stereopair of RM1 (RSM P3450.1469) from Saskatchewan, assigned to Walshina mcgrewi. Maximum buccolingual dimension is 3.03 mm. Maximum mesiodistal dimension is 2.14 mm. Scale bar is 1 mm long.

FIGURE 1 in New primates from the Eocene of Saskatchewan: Revision of the primates from the Cypress Hills Formation with description of new taxa

FIGURE 1. Map of study area. Black dots denote cities/towns. Red squares denote primary field localities. A: Swift Current Creek locality. B-C: Lac Pelletier main primate-bearing exposures.

FIGURE 3 in New primates from the Eocene of Saskatchewan: Revision of the primates from the Cypress Hills Formation with description of new taxa

FIGURE 3. Lower teeth of Trogolemur from Lac Pelletier, previously described by Storer (1990). A: Lp4 (RSM P1899.1001). B: Lm1 or m2 (RSM P1899.1002). C: Rm1 or m2 (RSM P1899.1003). Scale bar is 1 mm long.