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110 results for “promiscuous”
Data from: Double-digest RAD sequencing outperforms microsatellite loci at assigning paternity and estimating relatedness: a proof of concept in a highly promiscuous bird
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GPS tracking data for: Male mating season range expansion results from an increase in scale of daily movements for a polygynous-promiscuous bird
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High promiscuity among females of the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii
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Data from: Sperm as a speciation phenotype in promiscuous songbirds
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Data from: Social structure of the harem-forming promiscuous fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, is the harem truly important?
Bats are social animals and display a diverse variety of mating and social systems, with most species exhibiting some form of polygyny. Their social organization is fluid and individuals frequently switch partners and roosting sites. While harem-like social organization is observed in multiple tropical species, its importance is contested in many of them. In this study, we investigated the role of harems in the social organization of the old world fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx. Based on regular behavioural observations over a period of 20 months and genetic data from microsatellite markers, we observed that the social organization is flexible, individuals regularly shift between roosts and the social organization resembles a fission–fusion society. Behavioural and genetic analyses suggest that the harems are not strict units of social structure, and the colony does not show signatures of subdivision with harems as behavioural units. We also observed that there was no correlation between individuals with high association index and pairwise relatedness. Our findings indicate that similar to the mating system, the social organization of C. sphinx can also be categorized as a fission–fusion society, and hence the term 'harem' is a misnomer. We conclude that the social system of C. sphinx is flexible, with multi-male multi-female organization, and individuals tend to be loyal to a given area rather than a roost.
Data from: Promiscuity resolves constraints on social mate choice imposed by population viscosity
Population viscosity can have major consequences for adaptive evolution, in particular for phenotypes involved in social interactions. For example, population viscosity increases the probability of mating with close kin, resulting in selection for mechanisms that circumvent the potential negative consequences of inbreeding. Female promiscuity is often suggested to be one such mechanism. However, whether avoidance of genetically similar partners is a major selective force shaping patterns of promiscuity remains poorly supported by empirical data. Here, we show (i) that fine-scale genetic structure constrains social mate choice in a pair-bonding lizard, resulting in individuals pairing with genetically similar individuals, (ii) that these constraints are circumvented by multiple mating with less related individuals and (iii) that this results in increased heterozygosity of offspring. Despite this, we did not detect any significant effects of heterozygosity on offspring or adult fitness or a strong relationship between pair relatedness and female multiple mating. We discuss these results within the context of incorporating the genetic context dependence of mating strategies into a holistic understanding of mating system evolution.
Maintaining genetic integrity with high promiscuity: Frequent hybridization with low introgression in multiple hybrid zones of Melocactus(Cactaceae)
<p>Hybridization and introgression between species in contact/hybrid zones provide important insight into the genetic and ecological mechanisms of speciation. Cactaceae represents the most important radiation of true succulent angiosperms in the New World. This diversification continues to date, with species experiencing few intrinsic barriers to gene flow and the frequent occurrence of natural hybridization. Here, we used RAD-Seq single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to investigate the genetic architecture of hybridization in four hybrid zones hosting Melocactus concinnus and four congeneric species (M. ernestii, M. glaucescens, M. paucispinus, and M. zehntneri). Our results revealed that M. concinnusis highly promiscuous in sympatric areas and hybridizes with various species distributed in Morro do Chapéu (Diamantina Plateau, Bahia), eastern Brazil. However, the contemporary genomic introgression among the investigated species is very low (c. 2–5%), confirming that even in the face of hybridization, Melocactus species maintain their genetic integrity. The genomic cline approach showed a large fraction of loci deviating from a model of neutral introgression, where most of the loci are consistent with selection favoring parental genotypes. Our results suggest the occurrence of weak premating but strong <br> postmating reproductive isolation in the analyzed cactus species. Furthermore, as most of the Melocactus species are restricted in distribution, hybridization might negatively affect their integrity if hybrids replace the parental species.</p>
Data from: Sex-specific estimates of dispersal show female philopatry and male dispersal in a promiscuous amphibian, the alpine salamander (Salamandra atra)
Amphibians display wide variations in life-history traits and life cycles that should prove useful to explore the evolution of sex-biased dispersal, but quantitative data on sex-specific dispersal patterns are scarce. Here we focused on Salamandra atra, an endemic alpine species showing peculiar life-history traits. Strictly terrestrial and viviparous, the species has a promiscuous mating system and females reproduce only every three to four years. In the present study, we provide quantitative estimates of asymmetries in male vs female dispersal using both field-based (mark-recapture) and genetic approaches (detection of sex-biased dispersal and estimates of migration rates based on the contrast in genetic structure across sexes and age classes). Our results revealed a high level of gene flow among populations, which stems exclusively from male dispersal. We hypothesize that philopatric females benefit from being familiar with their natal area for the acquisition and defence of an appropriate shelter, while male dispersal has been secondarily favoured by inbreeding avoidance. Together with other studies on amphibians, our results indicate that a species' mating system alone is a poor predictor of sex-linked differences in dispersal, in particular for promiscuous species. Further studies should focus more directly on the proximate forces that favour or limit dispersal to refine our understanding of the evolution of sex-biased dispersal in animals.
Data from: Innovative females are more promiscuous in great tits (Parus major)
Individual variation in the propensity to express innovative behaviors is increasingly recognized as ecologically and evolutionary significant. A growing number of studies show that more innovative individuals can realize higher breeding success, indicating that innovativeness may be important in mating decisions. Here we investigated whether male and female performance in innovative problem-solving tasks is linked to sexual selection via extra-pair mating behavior. We observed the problem-solving success of great tit (Parus major) pairs in 2 tasks at the nest, and related it to the occurrence of extra-pair paternity (EPP) in their broods. In a food-acquisition task, we found no difference in EPP among pairs in which the male solved, pairs in which the female solved, and unsuccessful pairs. In an obstacle-removal task that was solved almost exclusively by females, EPP was more frequent in broods of solver females than in broods of unsuccessful females. These results do not support the hypothesis that the social male's innovativeness influences the female's extra-pair mating behavior. Instead, they suggest that the female's infidelity covaries positively with her innovativeness. Furthermore, EPP was related to both parents' neophobia such that pairs of highly neophobic individuals were less likely to have EPP than pairs that contained at least one individual with low neophobia. These findings indicate that promiscuity is associated with certain behavioral phenotypes, suggesting that both innovativeness and novelty seeking may facilitate the investment into and/or the exposure to extra-pair mating attempts.
Figure 1 in Who's your daddy? Paternity testing reveals promiscuity and multiple paternity in the carnivorous marsupial Dasyurus maculatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)
Figure 1. Mean body mass (A) and scrotal width (B) of spotted-tailed quolls known to have fathered offspring in comparison with males of unknown paternity status.
Figure 2 in Who's your daddy? Paternity testing reveals promiscuity and multiple paternity in the carnivorous marsupial Dasyurus maculatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)
Figure 2. Relatedness (R) of the mother of each litter to sires and non-sires respectively. Dashed line indicates the mean level of relatedness (-0.0265) for the population.
Data from: Widely naturalized species are not more promiscuous in the use of different nitrogen forms, but benefit more from inorganic nitrogen
<p>Nitrogen (N) has been considered a crucial factor influencing invasion success. Many studies have assessed responses of alien plants to different N availabilities. However, in natural soils, N comes in different forms. Few studies have explored yet whether responses of alien species to different N forms are related to their naturalization success globally. </p> <p>We selected 22 common herbaceous species native to Germany that have all become naturalized elsewhere in the world. We grew them under six different N conditions that differed in the availability or form of N, and assessed their growth performance.</p> <p>We found that neither biomass production nor promiscuity to different N forms was related to naturalization success of the species. However, the biomass response to inorganic N, relative to organic N, was stronger for the widely naturalized species than for the less widely naturalized ones.</p> <p>Our comparative multi-species study shows that although the widely naturalized species were not more promiscuous than the less widely naturalized species, they took more advantage of the inorganic-N forms. This indicates that naturalization success might be partly driven by a species' ability to take advantage of increased inorganic N levels.</p>
Fig. 3 in 21-Hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonylation, a crucial step in cardenolide biosynthesis, can be achieved by substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and homolog proteins from Digitalis lanata
Fig. 3. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and indication of relative 21MaT activity investigation pools III (A) and IV (B) of the ammonium sulfate precipitation.
Fig. 4 in 21-Hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonylation, a crucial step in cardenolide biosynthesis, can be achieved by substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and homolog proteins from Digitalis lanata
Fig. 4. Docking of modeled AtPMaT1 (ribbon diagram) with an overlay of the potential pregnane substrates (Sub) (shown in grey). The catalytic histidine (His) and the cosubstrate (CoS) are also shown.
Fig. 1 in 21-Hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonylation, a crucial step in cardenolide biosynthesis, can be achieved by substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and homolog proteins from Digitalis lanata
Fig. 1. Postulated biosynthetic pathway of cardenolide formation in Digitalis. The malonylation step [8] is marked by a rectangle. 1 Putative side chain cleaving enzyme (SCCE), 2 NAD:3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), 3 Δ4,5-3-ketosteroid-isomerase (3KSI), 4 progesterone-5β-reductase (P5βR), 5 NAD:3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), 6 putative pregnane 14β-hydroxylase, 7 putative pregnane 21β-hydroxylase, 8 malonyl coenzyme A:21- hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonyltransferase (21MaT).
Fig. 6 in 21-Hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonylation, a crucial step in cardenolide biosynthesis, can be achieved by substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and homolog proteins from Digitalis lanata
Fig. 6. Docking of homology modeled malonyltransferases with 3-O-acetylketol (displayed in grey) showing the distances between the catalytic histidine (His), the hydroxy group to be malonylated (Sub) and the malonyl residue presented by the co-substrate (CoA). A AtPMaT1 B AtPMaT2 C DlMaT1.
Fig. 5 in 21-Hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonylation, a crucial step in cardenolide biosynthesis, can be achieved by substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and homolog proteins from Digitalis lanata
Fig. 5. Expression of Dlmat1, Dlmat2, Dlmat3, and Dlmat4 in different plant tissues measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Expression rates are standardized to the values of the actin transcript in each tissue and were displayed in relation to the expression in young leaves (set to equal 1) for each Dlmat gene.
Fig. 8 in Site-directed mutagenesis of β sesquiphellandrene synthase enhances enzyme promiscuity
Fig. 8. Proposed mechanisms for the conversion of FPP into sesquiterpene products catalysed by PmSTS WT and its mutants (L454G and L454A). The scheme is derived from the proposed mechanism of monoterpenes synthases (Gatto et al., 2015; Piechulla et al., 2016). The products generated by the PmSTSΔ24WT are shown in black. New products generated by mutant L454G and L454A in this study are shown in red. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 9 in Site-directed mutagenesis of β sesquiphellandrene synthase enhances enzyme promiscuity
Fig. 9. The homology modelling illustration of the active site of PmSTSΔ24WT and PmSTSΔ24L454G. The residue L454 and Y418 are shown as stick and coloured in purple and orange, respectively. (A) The side chain of the L454 provides steric hindrance, preventing the rotation of the Y418 toward the interior of the active site. (B) The mutation of L454G provide sufficient space to allow the Y418 to undergo rotation toward the interior of the active site and (C) thus allowing interaction with other amino acid in the active site. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 5 in Site-directed mutagenesis of β sesquiphellandrene synthase enhances enzyme promiscuity
Fig. 5. Relative activity of PmSTSΔ24 WT and mutants (0.1 μM) incubated with the substrate FPP (50 μM). The relative activity of PmSTS were measured using Malachite Green Assay. The relative activity of PmSTS were calculated using the wild type as 100% with error bars representing SE (n = 3). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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