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64 results for “reproductive barriers”
Data from: Genomic divergence, demographic histories, and male territorial response reveal asymmetric reproductive barriers in allopatric eastern versus western Nashville warbler subspecies (<em>Leiothlypis ruficapilla</em>)
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Reticulate evolution and rapid development of reproductive barriers upon secondary contact in a forest fungus
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Data from: Diverse reproductive barriers in hybridising crickets suggests extensive variation in the evolution and maintenance of isolation
Reproductive barriers reduce gene flow between populations and maintain species identities. A diversity of barriers exist, acting before, during and after mating. To understand speciation and coexistence, these barriers need to be quantified and their potential interactions revealed. We use the hybridising field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris as a model to understand the full compliment and relative strength of reproductive barriers. We find that males of both species prefer conspecific females, but the effect is probably too weak to represent a barrier. In contrast, prezygotic barriers caused by females being more attracted to conspecific male song and preferentially mounting and mating with conspecifics are strong and asymmetric. Postzygotic barriers vary in direction; reductions in fecundity and egg viability create selection against hybridisation, but hybrids live longer than pure-bred individuals. Hybrid females show a strong preference for G. bimaculatus songs, which together with a complete lack of hybridisation by G. campestris females, suggests that asymmetric gene flow is likely. For comparison, we review reproductive barriers that have been identified between other Gryllids and conclude that multiple barriers are common. Different species pairs are separated by qualitatively different combinations of barriers, suggesting that reproductive isolation and even the process of speciation itself may vary widely even within closely related groups.
Data from: Multiple strong postmating and intrinsic postzygotic reproductive barriers isolate florally diverse species of Jaltomata (Solanaceae)
Divergence in phenotypic traits often contributes to premating isolation between lineages, but could also promote isolation at postmating stages. Phenotypic differences could directly result in mechanical isolation or hybrids with maladapted traits; alternatively, when alleles controlling these trait differences pleiotropically affect other components of development, differentiation could indirectly produce genetic incompatibilities in hybrids. Here, we determined the strength of 9 postmating and intrinsic postzygotic reproductive barriers among 10 species of Jaltomata (Solanaceae), including species with highly divergent floral traits. To evaluate the relative importance of floral trait diversification on the strength of these postmating barriers, we assessed their relationship to floral divergence, genetic distance, geographical context, and ecological differences, using conventional tests and a new linear mixed modeling approach. Despite close evolutionary relationships, all species pairs showed moderate to strong isolation. Nonetheless, floral trait divergence was not a consistent predictor of the strength of isolation; instead this was best explained by genetic distance, although we found evidence for mechanical isolation in one species, and an overall positive relationship between floral trait divergence and fruit set isolation across species pairs. Overall, our data indicate that intrinsic postzygotic isolation is more strongly associated with genome-wide genetic differentiation, rather than floral divergence.
Data from: Testing a post-copulatory pre-zygotic reproductive barrier in a passerine species pair
Sexual selection may drive speciation, but most research focuses on pre-copulatory sexual selection, overlooking post-copulatory processes. Post-copulatory sexual selection in allopatric populations could drive divergence in post-copulatory pre-zygotic (PCPZ) phenotypes, limiting gene flow upon secondary contact. Here, we performed in vitro experiments examining one potential PCPZ barrier between two closely related passerine species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Spanish sparrows (Passer hispaniolensis). In birds, crossing in the vagina may be particularly challenging for sperm, so we tested the effect of female reproductive tract fluids on sperm swimming speed and motility. If a PCPZ barrier exists at this stage of the fertilization process, heterospecific female fluids are predicted to reduce sperm swimming speed or motility relative to conspecific female fluid. We found that house sparrow female fluids affected the two species' sperm asymmetrically, depending on the control sperm velocity and male species. Overall, however, sperm performed equally in conspecific and heterospecific female fluids, and the species had similar sperm morphology and sperm swimming performance. Low divergence in PCPZ phenotypes between species, perhaps because post-copulatory sexual selection is stabilizing or only moderately strong in these taxa, may be insufficient to cause an overall PCPZ barrier. Reinforcement may be unlikely to drive PCPZ barriers for this species pair, because relatively effective pre-copulatory barriers exist between the species, and because hybrids can be quite successful. Testing the role of PCPZ barriers in birds with more divergent PCPZ phenotypes will improve our understanding of speciation in passerines.
Data from: Multiple reproductive barriers separate recently diverged sunflower ecotypes
Measuring reproductive barriers between groups of organisms is an effective way to determine the traits and mechanisms that impede gene flow. However, to understand the ecological and evolutionary factors that drive speciation, it is important to distinguish between the barriers that arise early in the speciation process and those that arise after speciation is largely complete. In this paper we comprehensively test for reproductive isolation between recently diverged (< 10,000 years bp) dune and non-dune ecotypes of the prairie sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris. We find reproductive barriers acting at multiple stages of hybridization, including premating, postmating-prezygotic, and postzygotic barriers, despite the recent divergence. Barriers include extrinsic selection against immigrants and hybrids, a shift in pollinator assemblage, and post-pollination assortative mating. Together these data suggest that multiple barriers can be important for reducing gene flow in the earliest stages of speciation.
FIGURE 6. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n in Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes
FIGURE 6. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp., reproductive features, SEM images. A. Male, detail of copulatory organ of chaetiger 6 (♂co); (al) acicular lobe, (vc) ventral cirrus; B. Female, copulatory organ on chaetiger 6 (♀co); C. Spermatophore attached to a male with detail (small window) of surface.
FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n in Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes
FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A–D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E–G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows).
FIGURE 3. Sphaerodoropsis aurantica n in Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes
FIGURE 3. Sphaerodoropsis aurantica n. sp., AM W.44218 (A), AM W.44209 (B). A. Live specimen, micrograph taken with a dissecting microscope, dorsal view; B–L. SEM images. B. Whole specimen, ventral view, anterior end on top; C. Anterior end, frontal view, with median antenna (ma), lateral antennae (la), palps (pa), tentacular cirri (tc) and parapodia from first chaetiger (ch1); D. Mid-chaetigers in lateral view, showing large macrotubercles and dorsal papillae, ventral papillae, and parapodia with acicular lobe (al), ventral cirri (vc) and compound chaetae; E. Parapodia of chaetiger 6 and 7, ventral view (lacking copulatory organs), ventral view; F. Posterior end, ventral view, showing pygidial papillae and mid-ventral cirrus; G. Detail of dorsal macrotubercle with pores (arrows); H. Posterior macrotubercles with incipient terminal papillae (black arrow); I. Different size ventral papillae of mid-chaetigers; J. Mid-body parapodium, anterior view showing acicular lobe (al), ventral cirrus (vc) (behind chaetae) and parapodial papillae; K. Detail of compound chaetae of posterior chaetigers with long blades and thin shafts; L. Mid-chaetiger chaetal fascicle. Some of the chaetae have distal spine over blades (arrowheads).
FIGURE 2. Stylised drawings. A, B. Ephesiella australiensis. A in Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes
FIGURE 2. Stylised drawings. A, B. Ephesiella australiensis. A. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11–14; B. Parapodial papillae and appendages including ventral cirrus, acicular lobe, papillae and nearby macrotubercle; the concentric circles represent the volume of the parapodium (larger ones indicate basal and smaller distal areas) and the red axis its four sides; C, D. Sphaerodoropsis auranticus n. sp.; C. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11–14, and pigmentation pattern; D. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae; E, F. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp.; E. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11–14; F. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae.
FIGURE 1 in Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes
FIGURE 1. Ephesiella australiensis SEM images, AM W.42693. A. Whole specimen, anterior end on top; B. Anterior chaetigers, ventro-lateral view, showing microtubercle (mi), macrotubercles (mt) and parapodia (par) with bottle-shaped ventral cirrus and parapodial papillae (pp); C. Same from a dorsal view; D. Mid-chaetiger with macrotubercle (mt) with terminal papillae, and contracted parapodium bearing at least six papillae (arrowheads); E. Mid-body parapodium, anterior view, with five spherical papillae (arrowheads), five compound chaetae and a bottle-shaped ventral cirrus; F. Posterior end showing two terminal macrotubercles, and a digitiform ventral cirrus; G. Compound chaetae of anterior chaetiger; H. Chaetae of mid-body chaetiger; I. Detail of chaetae from posterior chaetiger showing the blade, almost fused to the shaft and the characteristic spinulation of the shaft with a distal-most thicker spine (arrow).
FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n in Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes
FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infects the reproductive system of male piglets and impairs development of the blood–testis barrier
<p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a highly contagious disease that threatens the global swine industry. Recent studies have focused on the damage that PRRSV causes to the reproductive system of male pigs, although <span>pathological research is lacking</span>. Therefore, <span>we </span><span>examined the pathogenic mechanisms in male piglets infected with PRRSV</span>. Gross and histopathological changes indicated that PRRSV affected the entire reproductive system, as confirmed via immunohistochemical analysis. PRRSV infected Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. To test the <span>new </span>hypothesis that PRRSV infection in piglets impairs blood–testis barrier (BTB) development, we investigated the <span>pathology</span> of PRRSV damage in the BTB. PRRSV infection significantly decreased the quantity and proliferative capacity of Sertoli cells constituting the BTB. Zonula occludens-1 and β-catenin were downregulated in cell–cell junctions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that several crucial genes and signaling pathways involved in the growth and development of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and tight junctions in <span>the </span>testes were downregulated. <span>Apoptosis, necroptosis</span>, inflammatory, and oxidative stress-related pathways were activated, whereas hormone secretion-related pathways were inhibited. Many Sertoli cells and spermatogonia underwent apoptosis during early differentiation. Infected piglets exhibited disrupted androgen secretion, leading to significantly reduced testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone levels. A cytokine storm occurred, notably upregulating cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Markers of oxidative-stress damage (i.e., H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, malondialdehyde, and glutathione) <span>were upregulated</span>, whereas antioxidant-enzyme activities (i.e., superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase) <span>were downregulated</span>. Our results demonstrated that PRRSV infect<span>ed</span> multiple organs in the male reproductive system, <span>which imparied</span> growth in the BTB. </p>
Data from: Divergence in style length and pollen size leads to a postmating-prezygotic reproductive barrier among populations of Silene latifolia
A central tenet of speciation research is the need to identify reproductive isolating barriers. One approach to this line of research is to identify the phenotypes that lead to reproductive isolation. Several studies on flowering plants have shown that differences in style length contribute to reproductive isolation between species, leading us to consider whether style length could act as a reproductive barrier among populations of a single species. This could occur if style length varied sufficiently and pollen size covaried with style length. Populations of Silene latifolia exhibit variation in flower size, including style length, that is negatively correlated with annual precipitation. We show that this divergence in style length has a genetic basis and acts as a reproductive barrier: males from small-flowered populations produced relatively small pollen grains that were poor at fertilizing ovules when crossed to females from large-flowered populations, leading to a significant reduction in seed production. Manipulating the distance pollen tubes had to travel revealed that this failure was purely mechanical and not the result of other incompatibilities. These results show that style length acts as a postmating-prezygotic reproductive barrier and indicate a potential link between ecotypic differentiation and reproductive isolation within a species.
Figure 2 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)
Figure 2. The number of eggs, fertilization rate and hatching success of pairings between sympatric and allopatric populations during the no-choice experiment. Means with SE (boxes) and confidence intervals (whiskers) for data on virgin and nonvirgin fish are indicated.
Figure 1 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)
Figure 1. The rates of male courtship towards females and female response (per 30 min) expressed for each male ¥ female combination and virgin and nonvirgin fish separately. Means with 1SE are indicated.
Figure 3 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)
Figure 3. The results of the hybrid performance experiment, with number of eggs (A) and hatching success (B) standardized within each experimental group shown. Means with 1SE (boxes) and confidence intervals (whiskers) are indicated for each experimental combination (mm, offspring of Mafia male and Mafia female; kk, offspring of Kwachepa male and Kwachepa female; mk: Mafia male, Kwachepa female; km: Kwachepa male, Mafia female). Sample size for the number of eggs is N = 8 replicates for each combination, sample size for hatching success is smaller (because only replicates with more than 5 eggs were analysed) and the exact N is given above each combination.
Data and code used in: The strength of reproductive isolating barriers in seed plants: insights from studies quantifying premating and postmating reproductive barriers over the past 15 years
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Data from: Divergence in style length and pollen size leads to a postmating-prezygotic reproductive barrier among populations of Silene latifolia
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Data from: Multiple reproductive barriers separate recently diverged sunflower ecotypes
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