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1,047 results for “salamanders”
FIGURE 8 in ISABELA CARVALHO BRCKO, MARINUS STEVEN HOOGMOED & SELVINO NECKEL- OLIVEIRA (2013) Taxonomy and distribution of the salamander genus Bolitoglossa Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 (Amphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae) in Brazilian Amazonia. Zootaxa, 3686 (4), 401-431.
FIGURE 8. Distribution map of Bolitoglossa paraensis and Bolitoglossa tapajonica sp. nov. Type-localities: B. paraensis (Santa Isabel do Pará, black cross), B. tapajonica sp. nov. (Juruti, black triangle). Other localities: B. paraensis (open crosses: 1 Primavera, 2 Bragança, 3 Ilha de Mosqueiro, 4 Santa Bárbara do Pará, 5 Benevides, 6 Belém, 7 Ourém, 8 Barcarena, 9 Mojú, 10 Tailândia); B. tapajonica sp. nov. (open triangles: 11 Juruti localities, 12 Vitória do Xingú, 13 Itaituba localities. Specimen from Serra do Tumucumaque, Amapá indicated with asterisk. Specimens from Canindé, Pará indicated with circle with cross inside.
Fig. 2 in Assessing The Abundance Of Caucasian Salamander, Mertensiella Caucasica (Caudata, Salamandridae), With N-Mixture Model In Northeastern Anatolia
Fig. 2. The average abundance of Caucasian salamanders from the East Black Sea Region, Turkey. X-axis shows the sampling plots number in each city; Y-axis shows the estimated population size.
Fig. 1 in A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA
Fig. 1. Photographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in dorsal (A1), lingual-dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), lingual-ventral (A4), ventral and slightly lingual (A5), ventral (A6), labial (A7), and labial and slightly ventral (A8) views. Detail of anterior end in dorsal (A9) and lingual-dorsal (A10) views. Specimen lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details.
Fig. 5 in A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA
Fig. 5. Referred dentaries of other, paracontemporaneous (upper Maastrichtian) batrachosauroidid salamanders from the North American Western Interior. A–C. Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961. A. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UW 14575, from Robber's Roost, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (A1) and lingual and slightly dorsal (A2) views. B. Nearly complete left dentary, UALVP 12093, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, lingual views of complete specimen (B1) and detail of anterior end (B2), the latter with arrow denoting slightly constricted zone of weakness between pedicel and crown typical of subpedicellate teeth. C. Posteriorly incomplete right dentary, UALVP 60835, from Wounded Knee, Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada, lingual views of complete specimen (C1) and detail of anterior end (C2). D, E. Prodesmodon copei Estes, 1964. D. Anteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 12092, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual view. E. Posteriorly incomplete left dentary, UALVP 39928, from Bushy Tailed Blowout, Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA, in lingual (E1) and ventral (E2) views. The three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) each bear a shallow pit in approximately the same position as the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965, whereas the more anteriorly complete Pro. copei dentary (E) bears a convex knob positioned more ventrolabially relative to the potentially homologous pit in O. kayi and the flattened and shallowly concave knob in AMNH FARB 22965. Also note how many of the incomplete teeth in the three O. kayi dentaries (A–C) are broken at the same level, along the plane of weakness between the crown and pedicel, whereas nonpedicellate teeth in the two Pro. copei dentaries (D, E) are broken at various positions along the basal-apical lengths of the teeth. All images are photographs, with specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details.
Fig. 2 in A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal A2), lingual (A3), and dorsal and slightly lingual (A4) views. Detail of anterior end in lingual (A5) and lingual-dorsal (A6) views.
Fig. 3 in A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA
Fig. 3. Drawings of indeterminate batrachosauroidid (probable new genus and species) left dentary, AMNH FARB 22965, from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Wyoming, USA. Entire specimen in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and dorsal (A3) views. Tooth positions are numbered anterior-to-posterior with Arabic numbers.
Fig. 4 in A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA
Fig. 4. Examples of pathological salamander mandibles. A.?Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg, 1961, anterior portion of left dentary, OMNH 67080, from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah, USA, in dorsal (A1), lingual and slightly dorsal (A2), labial A3), ventral (A4), and anterior-labial and slightly ventral (A5) views. Note symphysial end distorted by a bony swelling or callus (indicated by single asterisk), presumably formed by healing after an unknown injury. B. Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798), entire tooth-bearing ramus of left and right dentaries and anterior portion of areas for attachment of post-dentary bones, both from TMP 2010.30.09, an extant and captive bred individual: normal left dentary in lingual view (B1), pathological right dentary + coronoid in lingual (B2), lingual-dorsal (B3), and dorsal (B4) views. Note continuous dentary tooth row in normal left dentary (B1) vs. anterior end of coronoid overlaps and causes gap (indicated by double asterisks) in dentary tooth row in pathological right mandible (B2–B4). Images SEM micrographs (A) and photographs of specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance surface details (B).
Fig. 1 in A relict stem salamander: evidence from the Early Cretaceous of Siberia
Fig. 1. Fragmentary trunk vertebral centrum (LMCCE 1/4) of stem salamander Caudata, gen. et sp. indet. from the Shestakovo locality, Lower Cretaceous Aptian–Albian), Ilek Formation, Western Siberia, Russia; in right lateral (A), left lateral (B), ventral (C, anterior towards top), posterior (D), anterior (E), and dorsal (F, anterior towards top) views. Photographs (A1–C1, D–F) and interpretive drawings (A2–C2).
Fig. 2 in A relict stem salamander: evidence from the Early Cretaceous of Siberia
Fig. 2. Simplified relationships and temporal ranges of stem- and crowngroup salamanders. Stem salamanders are represented only by Karauridae (i.e., Kokartus + Karaurus). A, stratigraphic placement (Bathonian) of the stem salamander Kokartus (note that the stem salamanders Marmorerpeton, "Kirtlington salamander A", Urupia, and "Berezovsk salamander A" have the same stratigraphic placements). B, stratigraphic placement (Kimmeridgian) of Karaurus (note that salamanders "cf. Marmorerpeton" from Portugal and the possible "stem salamander" from the USA have approximately the same stratigraphic placements). C, stratigraphic placement (Aptian–Albian) of the stem salamander Caudata, Gen. et sp. indet. reported here from the Shestakovo locality and possible stem salamanders from the Cloverly Formation of USA.
Data from: Divergent physiological acclimation responses to warming between two co-occurring salamander species and implications for terrestrial survival
<p>Small differences in physiological responses are known to influence demographic rates such as survival. We tested for differences in the physiological acclimation responses of two closely-related salamander species that often co-occur, <em>Ambystoma maculatum </em>and <em>A. opacum</em>. Specifically, we measured changes in critical thermal maxima (CT<sub>max</sub>), standard metabolic rates (SMRs), and respiratory surface area water loss (RSAWL) following exposure to three temperature treatments under laboratory conditions. While the magnitude of RSAWL and CT<sub>max</sub><em> </em>acclimation responses to warming did not differ between the study species, SMR was maintained across acclimation temperatures among <em>A. maculatum, </em>but declined among <em>A. opacum </em>acclimated to warmer temperatures<em>. </em>Metabolic compensation may facilitate maintained <em>A.</em> <em>maculatum </em>activity levels during warm periods following the relatively cool spring breeding season. In contrast, metabolic suppression may allow <em>A. opacum</em> to conserve energy when exposed to surface conditions during fall breeding and nest guarding. We simulated how these different SMR responses would likely alter post-metamorphic survival in our study species using previously collected data representing six weeks under relatively warm seminatural conditions. Our simulation indicated that, following warming and under identical study conditions, metabolic compensation may allow juvenile <em>A. maculatum </em>to maintain survival likelihoods, whereas metabolic depression may cause juvenile <em>A. opacum </em>to experience increased survivorship. These findings underscore that comparable physiological responses among ecologically similar, sympatric species cannot be assumed. Further, results of this study suggest that metabolic responses may play an important role in amphibian species persistence as temperatures increase due to habitat modification and climate change.</p>
Figure 4 in Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.
Figure 4 Holotype of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. (KIZ 037731) in preservative A–C: Holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. D, E: Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of head of holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. F, G: Ventral view of the left hand (F) and left foot (G) of the holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. Photos by Chen-Qi Lu.
Figure 7 in Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.
Figure 7 The habitat of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. in Daqi Mountain, Jing'an County, Jiangxi, China A, B: Summer (A) and winter (B) scene of 8–10 meters-wide stream with excellent vegetation coverage. C: Abreeding cave for A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. found in a backwater bay of the stream. Red arrow indicates the exit of the cave. D: Enlarged area near the exit of the cave. Dashed circles in cyan indicate six larvae of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., and the ones in white indicate the co-occurring shrimps and fishes. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi.
Figure 3 in Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.
Figure 3 Genetic distinctiveness of CGS from clade U2 found in Jing'an County, Jiangxi, China A: Asimplified phylogeny based on COI of mtDNA modified from Yan et al. (2018), in which clade U2 represents haplotypes found in Jing'an County, Jiangxi. The clade to which A. davidianus belongs remains uncertain. Clade Dindicates the haplotypes of A. sligoi according to the analyses by Turvey et al. (2019). B: Maximum Likelihood (ML) network based on genomic SNPs for six clades. Light purple background marks the 28 individuals of clade U2. C, D: PcoA plots based on genomic SNPs for six clades. E: Genetic clustering (K=2–8, best K=7) based on genomic SNPs from six clades by ADMIXTURE analysis. Asterisks label 18 wild-caught individuals including larvae, juveniles, and adults from Daqi Mountain, diamonds in light purple indicate 10 farm-bred individuals. Colors in all figures correspond with the mtDNA clades.
Figure 2 in Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.
Figure 2 Results of field-monitoring surveys in Daqi Mountain, Jiangxi Jiulingshan National Nature Reserve (Sep. 2020–Mar. 2022) A: Capture per person-hour of juveniles and adults during Sep. 2020–Mar. 2022. B, C: Activity periods of newborn larvae displayed by capture per person-hour in 2021 and 2022.
Figure 6 in Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.
Figure 6 Ontogenetic variation in coloration pattern A: Coloration of dorsum with spotted pattern in a juvenile with body length of ~20 cm. B: Coloration of dorsum having larger patch patterns in an adult with body length over 50 cm. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi.
Figure 5 in Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.
Figure 5 The holotype of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. (KIZ 037731) in life A–C: Coloration of dorsum of whole body (A), head (B), and enlarged view (C) of left periocular area. Photos by Chen-Qi Lu.
Figure 1 in Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.
Figure 1 Map of survey localities in Jing'an County, northwest of Jiangxi, China The west part of black dashed line displays the historical distribution areas of CGS, upstream of River Liao. Red dashed line circles Daqi Mountain, which is closed to the public. Grey triangles indicate 16 sites surveyed without detection of individuals, while the red triangle and red line display the searching sites with detections.
Data from: Extensive admixture among karst-obligate salamanders reveals evidence of recent divergence and gene exchange through aquifers
<p>Karst ecosystems often contain extraordinary biodiversity, but the complex underground aquifers of karst regions present challenges for assessing and conserving stygobiont diversity and investigating their evolutionary history. We examined the karst-obligate salamanders of the Eurycea neotenes species complex in the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas using population genomics data to address questions about population connectivity and the potential for gene exchange within the underlying aquifer system. The Eurycea neotenes species complex has historically been divided into three nominal species, but their status, and spatial extent of species ranges, have remained uncertain. We discovered evidence of extensive admixture within the species complex and with adjacent lineages. We observed relatively low levels of differentiation among all sampling localities which supports the hypothesis of recent divergence. Nominal taxonomy, aquifer region and geography accounted for a modest amount of the overall population genomic variation, but these predictors were largely collinear and difficult to disentangle. Importantly, the taxonomy of the three nominal species does not reflect the admixture apparent in clustering analyses. Inference of migration events revealed a complex pattern of gene exchange, suggesting that Eurycea salamanders have a dynamic history of dispersal through the aquifer system. These results highlight the need for greater understanding of how stygobiont populations are connected via dispersal and gene exchange through karst aquifers.</p>
Fig. 5 in Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Problems of the Aki Salamander Hynobius akiensis: Description of Two New Species from Chugoku, Japan
Fig. 5. Larvae, egg sacs, and habitat at the type locality of Hynobius geiyoensis sp. nov. (A, C, and E, respectively) and H. sumidai sp. nov. (B, D, and F, respectively).
Fig. 1 in Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Problems of the Aki Salamander Hynobius akiensis: Description of Two New Species from Chugoku, Japan
Fig. 1. Sampling map of the three Hynobius species used in this study. The enlarged area includes the central to the western part of Hiroshima Prefecture and the northernmost part of Ehime Prefecture. Closed symbols correspond to each of the three species sequenced in the current study. Open symbols correspond to each of the three species sequenced by other studies. The underlined localities show the sampling points of individuals for morphological comparisons: Pops. 1 (18 males) and 2 (1 male) for H. geiyoensis sp. nov.; Pop. 8 (7 males) for H. sumidai sp. nov.; Pops. 14 (3 males), 15 (7 males), 20 (6 males), 29 (3 males), 30 (1 male), 34 (6 males), 39 (1 male), 54 (1 male) for H. akiensis.
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