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81 results for “saltmarsh”
Data from: Breeding Ammospiza nelsoni (Nelson’s Sparrow) exploits both saltmarsh and hayfields in northern habitats
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Data from: Agricultural pastures challenge the attractiveness of natural saltmarsh for a migratory goose
1. Broad-scale land conversions and fertilizer use have dramatically altered the available staging area for herbivorous long-distance migrants. Instead of natural land, these birds rely increasingly on pastures for migratory fuelling and stopover, often conflicting with farming practices. To be able to predict and manage birds' future habitat use, the relative advantages and disadvantages of natural (e.g. saltmarsh, intertidal) versus anthropogenic staging sites for foraging need to be understood. 2. We compared the migratory staging of brent geese on saltmarsh and pasture sites in spring. Food quality (nitrogen and fibre content), intra-specific antagonistic behaviour, and body weight were quantified at nearby sites in simultaneous seasons. Individuals were tracked with high-resolution GPS and accelerometers to compare timing of migration and time-budgets during fuelling. 3. On pastures, birds rested more and experienced higher ingestion rates, similar or superior food quality and reduced antagonistic interactions than on saltmarsh. 4. Brent geese using fertilized grasslands advanced their fuelling and migration schedules compared to those using saltmarsh. Pasture birds reached heavy weights earlier, departed sooner, and arrived in the Arctic earlier. 5. Intertidal mudflats were frequently visited by saltmarsh birds during the day, and available food there (algae, some seagrass) was of higher quality than terrestrial resources. Availability of intertidal resources was an important factor balancing the otherwise more favourable conditions on pastures relative to saltmarsh. 6. Policy implications: Disadvantages of longer foraging effort, more antagonistic interactions and delayed fuelling schedules on traditional saltmarshes may cause a trend of geese exchanging this traditional niche in favour of pastures, especially in a warming climate that requires advancement of migratory schedules. However, the high quality of intertidal forage allows it to complement terrestrial foraging, potentially removing the incentive for habitat switches to pastures. The relatively high quality of green algae and seagrass, and birds' remarkable preference for these resources when available, provides a key for managers to create landscapes that can sustain this specialist's intertidal lifestyle. To keep natural habitats attractive to staging geese with the purpose to prevent conflicts with farming practices, management actions should focus on conservation and restoration of saltmarsh and especially intertidal habitat.
Data from: Human eutrophication drives biogeographic saltmarsh productivity patterns in China
Saltmarshes are important natural carbon sinks with a large capacity to absorb exogenous nutrient inputs. The effects of nutrients on biogeographic productivity patterns, however, have been poorly explored in saltmarshes. We conducted field surveys to examine how complex environments affect productivity of two common saltmarsh plants, invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Phragmites australis, along an 18,000-km latitudinal gradient on the Chinese coastline. We harvested peak aboveground biomass as a proxy for productivity, and measured leaf functional traits (e.g., leaf area, specific leaf area [SLA], leaf nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]), soil nutrients (dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and available P (AP)), and salinity. We compiled data on mean annual temperature (MAT) and exogenous nutrients (both N and P). Then, we examined how these abiotic factors affect saltmarsh productivity using both linear mixed effect models and structural equation modelling. Using a trait-based approach, we also examined how saltmarsh productivity responds to changing environments across latitude. Exogenous nutrients (both N and P) compared with temperature and other variables (e.g., DIN, AP, salinity) were the dominant factors in explaining the biogeographic productivity patterns of both S. alterniflora and P. australis. Leaf size-related traits (e.g., leaf area), rather than leaf economic traits (e.g., SLA, leaf N and P), can be used to indicate the positive effects of exogenous nutrients on the productivity of these two species. Our results demonstrated that human eutrophication surpassed temperature as the major driver of biogeographic saltmarsh productivity pattern, challenging current models in which biogeographic productivity pattern is primarily controlled by temperature. Our findings have potential broad implications for the management of S. alterniflora, which is a global invader, as it has benefited from coastal eutrophication. Furthermore, exogenous nutrient availability and leaf size need to be integrated into earth system models that are used to predict global plant productivity in saltmarshes.
Restored saltmarshes have low beta diversity due to limited topographic variation, but this can be countered by management
<p>1. Spatial heterogeneity of species (beta diversity) is an important attribute of ecological communities, but is less frequently considered when assessing restoration success than other aspects of diversity (gamma and alpha). Differences in beta diversity between restored and natural sites may arise due to differences in environmental heterogeneity.</p> <p>2. We use a nested sampling design to survey plant communities and environmental conditions (elevation, redox potential and metrics of topography) on four pairs of restored and natural saltmarshes. We assess whether there are differences in both alpha and beta diversity between natural and restored sites, and analyse their environmental drivers.</p> <p>3. Topography was an important driver of plant alpha diversity and beta diversity. The effects of topography were partly indirect, mediated though changes in redox potential, but topography also influenced plant communities independently of both elevation and redox.</p> <p>4. Restored saltmarshes were less heterogeneous in topography than natural marshes. This reduced topography was reflected in lower beta diversity; plant communities 1 m apart in natural marshes were as dissimilar as those found 20 m apart in restored marshes.</p> <p>5. Large-scale topographic manipulation carried out at one site a decade after initial restoration successfully increased topographic heterogeneity and increased beta diversity when surveyed three years after manipulation. These changes were still evident when resurveyed after a further two years.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications. Increasing environmental heterogeneity can improve restoration outcomes by increasing beta diversity on restored sites. The effect of environmental heterogeneity is likely to be particularly strong within intertidal habitats where small changes in topography can determine whether a species can occur at a given location. Topographic manipulation is a feasible post-restoration technique that can be applied to ensure restored saltmarshes better meet policy targets of biological, physical and functional equivalence with natural marshes.</p> <p>17-Nov-2021</p>
Positive correlation between Ammospiza caudacuta (Saltmarsh Sparrow) capture and productivity supports use of a novel rapid assessment monitoring protocol
<p>Salt marshes in the northeastern United States provide critical breeding habitat for tidal marsh specialist birds like the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta). The Saltmarsh Sparrow population has declined by nine percent annually, necessitating immediate conservation actions for this vulnerable species. However, estimating species vital rates across a large geographic region is logistically challenging and cost prohibitive. Therefore, we developed and tested a rapid assessment monitoring protocol focused on reproductive metrics to enhance future conservation planning.</p> <p>We used three years of intensive demographic data from 12 sites to estimate daily nest survival, nest period success, fledglings produced per female, and successful broods per female. We implemented the rapid assessment protocol co-located at intensive sites in the same years to estimate the number of captured females and juveniles. We used Pearson's correlation analyses to determine the association of intensive metrics with rapid metrics. We found that the sum of Saltmarsh Sparrow female and juvenile captures was positively correlated with daily nest survival, nest period success, fledglings produced per female, and successful broods per female. Our results demonstrate that fixed-effort mist-netting from our rapid assessment protocol is an informative and time-efficient sampling method that can aid in making informed management decisions related to Saltmarsh Sparrow conservation.</p>
Database on blue carbon in European seagrass and saltmarsh habitats
<p>This database is a compilation of sediment organic carbon (blue carbon, hereafter) data in European seagrass and saltmarsh habitats. <em><strong>Errata corrige</strong>: please note that the current dataset has two errors in xls sheet named “Sediment_SeagrassSaltmarsh”: (1) line with Sample ID 8829 - The species name under the column “Key species” is incorrect. The species name should be removed; (2) </em><em>from lines with Sample ID from 17046 to 17092 - The species name under the column “Key species” is incorrect. It should be replaced with </em>Cymodocea nodosa<em>. </em><em>Sorry for any inconvenience it may cause.</em></p>
Data for "Are exotic saltmarsh species better than native species for coastal protection? "
<p>Full data for Figue 2~3 are saved in "Figure 2.xlsx" and "Figure 3.xlsx", and data for Figure 4a is saved in "Figure 4.xlsx".</p>
Body size, trophic position, and the coupling of different energy pathways across a saltmarsh landscape
<p>Here, we listed the bulk stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) and body size measurements of organisms that were analyzed in the manuscript "Body size, trophic position, and the coupling of different energy pathways across a saltmarsh landscape", published in Limnology and Oceanography Letters. Our dataset is a compilation of samplings obtained by the Southern Louisiana marsh food webs project within the Coastal Waters Consortium (CWC) II (Lopez-Duarte et al. 2017a [https://doi.org/10.7266/N7XS5SGD], Lopez-Duarte et al. 2017b [https://doi.org/10.7266/N79W0CJW], Polito et al. 2019 [https://doi.org/10.7266/n7-6277-1216]). The dataset consists of 1563 individual samples from 77 taxa, including basal sources (plants, phytoplankton, detritus, and microphytobenthos), fishes, invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, and spiders), infauna, seaside sparrows (Ammospiza maritima), and marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris). Samplings were conducted in three sites, Bay Sansbois, Bay Batiste, and West Pointe à la Hache, located in northeastern Barataria Bay. Bay Sansbois and Bay Batiste were sampled in May and October 2015, and May 2016, whereas West Pointe à la Hache was sampled only in May 2016. Body size measurements are available for 59% of all samples (52 taxa) while δ13C and δ15N are available for all samples.</p>
Data for: Surrounding landscape, habitat and hybridization dynamics drive population structure and genetic diversity in the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta)
<p class="MsoNormal">Determining factors that shape a species' population genetic structure is beneficial for identifying effective conservation practices. We assessed population structure and genetic diversity for Saltmarsh Sparrow (<em>Ammospiza caudacuta</em>), an imperiled tidal marsh specialist, using 13 microsatellite markers and 964 individuals sampled from 24 marshes across the breeding range. We show that Saltmarsh Sparrow populations are structured regionally by isolation-by-distance, with gene flow occurring among marshes within ~110-135 km of one another. Isolation-by-resistance and isolation-by-environment also shape genetic variation; several habitat and landscape features are associated with genetic diversity and genetic divergence among populations. Human development in the surrounding landscape isolates breeding marshes, reducing genetic diversity and increasing population genetic divergence, while surrounding marshland and patch habitat quality (proportion high marsh and sea-level-rise trend) have the opposite effect. The distance of the breeding marsh to the Atlantic Ocean also influences genetic variation, with marshes farther inland being more divergent than coastal marshes. In northern marshes, hybridization with Nelson's Sparrow (<em>A. nelsoni</em>) strongly influences Saltmarsh Sparrow genetic variation, by increasing genetic diversity in the population; this has a concomitant effect of increasing genetic differentiation of marshes with high levels of introgression. From a conservation perspective, we found that the majority of population clusters have low effective population sizes, suggesting a lack of resiliency. To conserve the representative breadth of genetic and ecological diversity and to ensure redundancy of populations, it will be important to protect a diversity of marsh types across the latitudinal gradient of the species range, including multiple inland, coastal and urban populations, which we have shown to exhibit signals of genetic differentiation. It will also require maintaining connectivity at a regional level, by promoting high marsh habitat at the scale of gene flow (~130 km), while also ensuring "stepping stone" populations across the range. </p>
Climate change outpaces adaptive potential via hybridization in nesting female Saltmarsh and Nelson's Sparrows
<p class="MsoNormal">Hybridization and introgression can promote adaptive potential and evolutionary resilience in response to increased pressures of climate change; they can also disrupt local adaptation and lead to outbreeding depression. We investigated female fitness consequences of hybridization in two sister species that are endemic to a threatened tidal marsh ecosystem: Saltmarsh (<em>Ammospiza caudacutus)</em> and Nelson's Sparrows (<em>A. nelsoni</em>). We found increasing nest flooding rates due to rising sea levels are outpacing potential adaptive benefits of hybridization due to very low overall nesting success in both the Nelson's and Saltmarsh Sparrows. In the center of the hybrid zone across two years, we determined the success of 201 nests of 104 pure and admixed Saltmarsh and Nelson's Sparrow females, genotyped using a panel of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) from double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) Sequencing. We evaluated five metrics of female fitness and modeled nesting success in relation to genotypic, environmental, and nesting characteristics. We found differential fitness among Saltmarsh, Nelson's, and hybrid females, such that birds with predominantly Saltmarsh Sparrow alleles had higher reproductive success than birds with predominantly Nelson's Sparrow alleles, and hybrids were intermediate. Fledging success increased with two known tidal marsh nesting adaptations: nest height and nesting synchrony with tidal cycles. We found a positive relationship between hybrid index and fitness in daily nest survival in 2016, but not in 2017, likely due to differing levels of precipitation and nest flooding between years. The strongest and most consistent predictors of daily nest survival were nesting synchrony with lunar tidal flooding cycles and daily maximum tide height. Fitness patterns suggest there may be an adaptive benefit of interspecific geneflow for the Nelson's Sparrow at the detriment of the Saltmarsh Sparrow; however, flooding rates are so high in many years they mask any fitness differences between the species, and all females had poor nesting success, regardless of genetic makeup.</p>
Data from: Blue carbon benefits from global saltmarsh restoration
<p>Coastal saltmarshes are found globally, yet are 25–50% reduced compared to their historical cover. Restoration is incentivised by the promise that marshes are efficient storers of 'blue' carbon, although the claim lacks substantiation across global contexts. We synthesised data from 431 studies to quantify the benefits of saltmarsh restoration to carbon accumulation and greenhouse gas uptake. The results showed global marshes store approximately 1.41–2.44 Pg carbon. Restored marshes had very low greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and rapid carbon accumulation, resulting in a mean net accumulation rate of 64.70 t CO<sub>2</sub>e ha<sup>-1</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>. Using this estimate and potential restoration rates, we find saltmarsh regeneration could result in 12.93–207.03 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>e accumulation per year, offsetting the equivalent of up to 0.51% global-energy-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions – a substantial amount, considering marshes represent <1% of Earth's surface. Carbon accumulation rates and GHG fluxes varied contextually with temperature, rainfall and dominant vegetation, with the eastern costs of the USA and Australia being particular hotspots for carbon storage. Whilst the study reveals paucity of data for some variables and continents, suggesting a need for further research, the potential for saltmarsh restoration to offset carbon emissions is clear. The ability to facilitate natural carbon accumulation by saltmarshes now rests principally on the action of the management-policy community and on financial opportunities for supporting restoration.</p>
Nutrient enrichment undermines invasion resistance to Spartina alterniflora in a saltmarsh: Insights from modern coexistence theory
<ol> <li>The ability of native communities to maintain invasion resistance in the face of environmental changes is crucial for biodiversity conservation. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the inhibitive effects experienced by invaders, providing limited insights into the ultimate outcome of resistance.</li> <li>In this study, we integrated modern coexistence theory into biotic resistance research to investigate the impact of nutrient enrichment on the resistance of Phragmites australis marsh to Spartina alterniflora invasion in the Yangtze estuary saltmarshes of China.</li> <li>Our results demonstrated that under non-enriched conditions, successful invasion resistance was facilitated by stable coexistence between native and invasive species in the field. This prediction of invasion resistance aligned with the distribution dynamics of the two species in the Yangtze estuary saltmarshes over the past two decades. However, nutrient enrichment was likely to lead to a fundamental shift in their coexistence and ultimately, the failure of resistance.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Integrating modern coexistence theory into biotic resistance studies advances the assessment of invasion resistance by shifting from quantifying relative strength to predicting explicit resistance outcomes. Ecosystem managers can draw explicit conclusions about the potential establishment and impact of invaders by analyzing observational or experimental data within the framework of modern coexistence theory. This information aids in identifying the most efficient strategies for addressing invasive species.</li> </ol>
Primary saltmarsh succession on a tropical coral island in the south china sea: Human influences initiate and accelerate the process of succession
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Body size, trophic position, and the coupling of different energy pathways across a saltmarsh landscape
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Genetic diversity matters for restoration of a threatened saltmarsh plant in harsh environments
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Data from: Human eutrophication drives biogeographic saltmarsh productivity patterns in China
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Data for: Surrounding landscape, habitat and hybridization dynamics drive population structure and genetic diversity in the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta)
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Restored saltmarshes have low beta diversity due to limited topographic variation, but this can be countered by management
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Contrasting latitudinal clines of nematode diversity in Spartina alterniflora saltmarshes between native and introduced ranges
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Data from: Agricultural pastures challenge the attractiveness of natural saltmarsh for a migratory goose
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