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Figure 4 in New species and new records of camallanid nematodes (Nematoda, Camallanidae) from marine fishes and sea snakes in New Caledonia
Figure 4. Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) bothi n. sp., scanning electron micrographs. (A, B) Cephalic end, lateral and apical views, respectively; (C) female tail, sublateral view; (D) deirid; (E) region of amphid, apical view (arrow indicates lateral pore on margin of oral aperture); (F) posterior end of male, subventral view; (G) tail of male, ventrolateral view (arrows indicate pedunculated caudal papillae); (H) tail tip of male (lateral view); (I) tail tip of female, sublateral view). (a) amphid; (b) cephalic papilla of external circle; (c) cephalic papilla of middle circle; (d) cephalic papilla of internal circle; (e) anus; (f) cloacal aperture; (g) margin of oral aperture; (p) phasmid.
Figure 5 in New species and new records of camallanid nematodes (Nematoda, Camallanidae) from marine fishes and sea snakes in New Caledonia
Figure 5. Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) hexophtalmatis n. sp. from Parapercis hexophtalma. (A, B) Anterior end of male, lateral and dorsoventral views, respectively; (C, D) cephalic end of male, lateral and apical views, respectively; (E) anterior end of gravid female, dorsoventral view; (F) posterior end of male, lateral view; (G) tail of male, lateral view; (H, I) tail of gravid and subgravid female, respectively, lateral views; (J) tail tip of gravid female, lateral view; (K) deirid.
Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 4. Photographs of the left side of the tails of three recaptured snakes. (a) A juvenile male with 338 mm in SVL and the profile code 1212-12222- 122121-112222-112221, recorded on 15 March 2018, (b) The snake's recapture 159 days later, with 460 mm in SVL on 21 August 2018 and more cream flecks, and (c) the snake's additional recapture a further 373 days later, with 612 mm in SVL on 29 August 2019 and no additional increase in the number of flecks. (d) A juvenile male with 415 mm in SVL and the profile code 2221-1222-123222-123232-1222322, recorded on 22 August 2018. (e) The snake's recapture 58 days later with 437 mm in SVL on 19 October 2018 with enlarged flecks, and (f) another recapture a further 268 days later, with 551 mm in SVL on 14 July 2019 and no additional change in the flecks. (g) A semi-adult female with 499 mm in SVL and the profile code 21221-12221-222222-222232-23223322, recorded on 7 July 2017. (h) The snake's recapture 527 days later with 636 mm in SVL on 16 December 2018 and more flecks, and (i) another recapture a further 404 days later, with 691 mm in SVL on 24 January 2020 and no additional change in the flecks.
2 3 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
2 3 anterior ˱ posterior anterior ˱ posterior Fig. 3. The present coding system when there is an insertion of a scale row from the posterior to the anterior within a single cream band. a) When a large scale is followed by two small scales, the large scale is counted twice and the code for this example is "232232". b) When a new row is inserted between two rows, the inserted scale is judged as an independent row and the code for this example is "2221323".
Fig. 11 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 11. Ultrametric Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 22 species of the genus Stolephorus with evolution of the (modal) number of prepelvic scutes. Modal number of prepelvic scutes classified into three categories: six prepelvic scutes (black), five prepelvic scutes (grey), four prepelvic scutes (white). Character states at nodes estimated using likelihood optimization and a symmetric one-rate (''Mk1") model of evolution. At each node, relative probabilities of each diet category drawn using pie charts, with corresponding coding-colour. Pie charts at deepest nodes enlarged for clarity. Stolephorus specimens identified by museum registration number, specimen code or GenBank (GB) sequence accession number (see Table 1 for details). Outgroups Encrasicholina not shown. Branch lengths proportional to relative time (tree height scaled to 1). Posterior Probabilities shown at nodes when <1.
Fig. 10 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 10. Morphometric comparisons between Stolephorus dubiosus (open triangles) and S. taurus sp. nov. (closed circles). (a) for pectoral-fin length (P1L; as % of standard length; SL); (b) for pelvicfin length (P2L; as % of SL); (c) for second dorsal-fin ray length (2DRL; as % of SL); (d) for third dorsal-fin ray length (3DRL; as % of SL); (e) for second anal-fin ray length (2ARL; as % of SL); (f) for third anal-fin ray length (as % of SL); (g) for interorbital width (as % of head length; HL) to SL.
Fig. 8 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 8. Lateral (a), dorsal (b), and ventral (c) views of the holotype of Stolephorus taurus sp. nov., OCF-P 10434, 52.2 mm SL, estuary of Hooghly River, West Bengal, India.
Fig. 9 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 9. Stained scale removed from right side of midbody (just below dorsal fin) of paratype of Stolephorus taurus. KAUM–I. 157581, 53.2 mm SL, estuary of Hooghly River, West Bengal, India (left-right inverted). Grooves on scales forming a few separations.
Fig. 5 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 5. Left side of left hyoid arch of Stolephorus dubiosus (THNHM-F021239, 63.6 mm SL, cleared and stained). hypo lo, lower hypohyal; hypo up, upper hypohyal; chy, ceratohyal; gha, groove for hyoidean artery; eph, epihyal; inh, interhyal (broken); br, branchiostegal rays (seventh branchiostegal ray detached).
Fig. 7 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 7. Distributional records of Stolephorus dubiosus (circles) and S. taurus sp. nov. (triangles). Closed symbols, based on specimens examined in this study; open symbols, based on literature records or molecular evidence.
Fig. 2 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 2. (a) Lateral and (b) dorsal views of dorsal-fin origin of Stolephorus dubiosus, NSMT-P 127425, 55.7 mm SL, Songkhla Lake, Thailand (stained with Alizarine Red). Arrows indicate predorsal scute.
Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 4. Stained scale removed from right side of midbody (just below dorsal fin) of Stolephorus dubiosus. NSMT-P 127425, 49.9 mm SL, Songkhla Lake, Thailand (left-right inverted). Grooves on posterior part forming numerous separations.
Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 1. Stolephorus dubiosus: (a) Lateral view of holotype (BMNH 1969.4.22.1826, 70.0 mm SL, Thailand); (b) lateral view in fresh condition; (c) dorsal and (d) ventral views in preserved condition of non-type specimen (THMHM-F021237, 66.0 mm SL, Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand).
FIGURE 1 in Chauligenion camelopardalis, a New Genus and Species of Deepwater Snake Eel (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from the East China Sea
FIGURE 1.Holotype of Chauligenion camelopardalis sp. nov., NSMT-P 125489, female, 407 mm TL, photographed soon after capture and before preservation. Arrows indicate origin of dorsal and anal fins.
FIGURE 4 in Chauligenion camelopardalis, a New Genus and Species of Deepwater Snake Eel (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from the East China Sea
FIGURE 4. Radiograph of head of holotype of Chauligenion camelopardalis sp. nov., NSMT-P 125489, female, 407 mm TL.
FIGURE 3 in Chauligenion camelopardalis, a New Genus and Species of Deepwater Snake Eel (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from the East China Sea
FIGURE 3. Gill arches (interior view, cut longitudinally along dorsal surface and spread laterally) of holotype of Chauligenion camelopardalis sp. nov., NSMT-P 125489, female, 407 mm TL. Bone is stained red and cartilage is blue.
Swim with the tide: tactics to maximise prey detection by a specialist predator, the greater sea snake (Hydrophis major)
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The fitness of a predator depends upon its ability to locate and capture prey; and thus, increasing dietary specialization should favor the evolution of species-specific foraging tactics tuned to <span><span>taxon</span></span>-specific habitats and cues. Within marine environments, prey detectability (e.g., via visual or chemical cues) is affected by environmental conditions (e.g., water clarity and tidal flow), such that specialist predators would be expected to synchronize their foraging activity with cyclic variation in such conditions. In the present study, we combined behavioral-ecology experiments on captive sea snakes and their prey (catfish) with acoustic tracking of free-ranging sea snakes, to explore the use of waterborne chemical cues in this predator-prey interaction. In coral-reef ecosystems of New Caledonia, the greater sea snake (<i>Hydrophis major</i>) feeds only upon striped eel catfish (<i>Plotosus lineatus</i>). Captive snakes became more active after exposure to waterborne chemical cues from catfish, whereas catfish did not avoid <span><span>chemical</span></span> cues from snakes. Movement patterns of tracked snakes showed that individuals were most active on a rapidly falling tide, which is the time when <span><span>chemical</span></span> cues from hidden catfish are <span><span>likely to be</span></span> most readily available to a foraging predator. By synchronizing foraging effort with the tidal cycle, greater sea snakes may be able to exploit the availability of chemical cues during a rapidly falling tide to maximize efficiency in locating and capturing prey. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Colour polymorphism in the sea snake Emydocephalus annulatus
<p>Evolutionary theory suggests that polymorphic traits can be maintained within a single population only under specific conditions, such as negative frequency-dependent selection or heterozygote advantage. Non-venomous turtle-headed sea snakes (<em>Emydocephalus annulatus</em>) living in shallow bays near Noumea in New Caledonia exhibit three colour morphs: black, black-and-white banded, and an intermediate (grey-banded) morph that darkens with age. We recorded morph frequencies during 18 consecutive years of surveys, and found that the numbers of recruits (neonates plus immigrants) belonging to each morph increased in years when that morph was unusually rare in the population, and decreased when that morph was unusually common. Thus, morph frequencies are maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection. We interpret the situation as Batesian mimicry of highly venomous sea snakes (<em>Aipysurus</em>, <em>Hydrophis</em>, <em>Laticauda</em>) that occur in the same bays, and range in colour from black-and-white banded to grey-banded. Consistent with the idea that mimicry may protect snakes from attack by large fish and sea eagles, behavioural studies have shown that smaller fish species in these bays flee from banded snakes but attack black individuals. As predicted by theory, mimetic (banded) morphs are less common than the cryptically-coloured melanic morph.</p>
Fig. 1 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).
Fig. 1. Maps showing the location of Zamami Island and the study sites: (a) Urunusachi and (b) Ama.
Table 3 in New species and new records of camallanid nematodes (Nematoda, Camallanidae) from marine fishes and sea snakes in New Caledonia
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Comparison of measurements of <i>Camallanus carangis</i> four-stage larvae from fish and reptilian hosts in New Caledonia.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Host <i>Parupeneus</i></th><th><i>Chirocentrus</i></th><th><i>Laticauda</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td><i>indicus</i></td><td><i>dorab</i></td><td><i>saintgironsi *</i></td></tr><tr><th>No. of specimens</th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>Body length (in mm)</th><td>3.13</td><td>4.12</td><td>1.31</td></tr><tr><th>Body width</th><td>136</td><td>109</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><th>Buccal capsule – length</th><td>84</td><td>105</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><th>Buccal capsule – width</th><td>69</td><td>69</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><th>No. of ridges</th><td>17</td><td>?</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><th>Basal ring – length</th><td>12</td><td>21</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>Basal ring – width</th><td>51</td><td>51</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><th>Length of prongs</th><td>78</td><td>123</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><th>Oesoph. cup – length</th><td>18</td><td>24</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><th>Oesoph. cup – width</th><td>21</td><td>21</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><th>Musc. oesoph. – length</th><td>435</td><td>571</td><td>517</td></tr><tr><th>Musc. oesoph. – width</th><td>63</td><td>60</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><th>Gland. oesoph. – length</th><td>394</td><td>490</td><td>435</td></tr><tr><th>Gland. oesoph. – width</th><td>72</td><td>60</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><th>Musc./gland. oesoph.</th><td>1:091</td><td>1:0.86</td><td>1:0.84</td></tr><tr><th>length ratio</th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% of buc. c. and</th><td>2</td><td>28</td><td>81</td></tr><tr><th>oesoph. of body</th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail</th><td>72</td><td>147</td><td>54</td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>*</sup> Sea-snake (Reptilia).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.