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FIG. 6 in Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary

FIG. 6. — Width of cup (mm) in different species. Abbreviations: asa, C. asahinae (n = 22); chlo, C. chlorophaea (n = 55); cry, C. cryptochlorophaea (n = 53); gra, C. grayi (n = 17); mero, C. merochlorophaea (n = 70); novo, C. novochlorophaea (n = 10). The lines represent the minimum and maximum values, the box represents the 25% and 75% of the data, the thick line represents the median. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 95% confidence.

FIG. 10. — Cladonia asahinae J.W in Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary

FIG. 10. — Cladonia asahinae J.W.Thomson: A, habit (BP[BP 9421]); B, spots of lichen secondary metabolites on chromatographic plates; C, distribution in Hungary. Abbrevations: R, rangiformic acid; nR, norrangiformic acid; F, fumarprotocetraric acid; Z, zeorin; N, norstictic acid. Scale bar: A, 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary

FIG. 3. — Conditional inference tree presenting the presence of the three most abundant lichen secondary metabolites occurring in more than one species of the C. chlorophaea species group. A level of p <0.05 was considered for a significant difference. Abbreviations: cch, cryptochlorophaeic acid; ran, rangiformic acid; tha, thamnolic acid; a, C. asahinae; ch, C. chlorophaea; cr, C. cryptochlorophaea; g, C. grayi; me, C. merochlorophaea; no, C. novochlorophaea. Boxes represent the highest probability of a species occurrence on the tree node.

FIG. 4 in Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary

FIG. 4. — Height of podetia (mm) of the different species. Abbreviations: asa, C. asahinae (n = 22); chlo, C. chlorophaea (n = 55); cry, C. cryptochlorophaea (n = 53); gra, C. grayi (n = 17); mero, C. merochlorophaea (n = 70); novo, C. novochlorophaea (n = 10). The lines represent the minimum and maximum values, the box represents the 25% and 75% of the data, the thick line represents the median. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 95% confidence.

publicMar 2023View details →

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Data from: Plant host traits mediated by foliar fungal symbionts and secondary metabolites

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openother-openAug 2020View details →

Data from - Secondary metabolites in a neotropical shrub: spatiotemporal allocation and role in fruit defense and dispersal

Data from "Secondary metabolites in a neotropical shrub: spatiotemporal allocation and role in fruit defense and dispersal" published in Ecology in 2020. doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3192

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Comparative analyses of the Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and Hymenoscyphus albidus genomes reveals potentially adaptive differences in secondary metabolite and transposable element repertoires

Background The dieback epidemic decimating common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Europe is caused by the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. In this study we analyzed the genomes of H. fraxineus and H. albidus, its native but, now essentially displaced, non-pathogenic sister species, and compared them with several other members of Helotiales. The focus of the analyses was to identify signals in the genome that may explain the rapid establishment of H. fraxineus and displacement of H. albidus. Results The genomes of H. fraxineus and H. albidus showed a high level of synteny and identity. The assembly of H. fraxineus is 13 Mb longer than that of H. albidus’, most of this difference can be attributed to higher dispersed repeat content ((i.e transposable elements [TEs]) in H. fraxineus. In general, TE families in H. fraxineusshowed more signals of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP) than in H. albidus, especially in Long-terminal repeat (LTR)/Copia and LTR/Gypsy elements. Comparing gene family expansions and 1:1 orthologs, relatively few genes show signs of positive selection between species. However, several of those that did appeared to be associated with secondary metabolite genes families, including gene families containing two of the genes in the H. fraxineus-specific, hymenosetin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). Conclusion The genomes of H. fraxineus and H. albidus show a high degree of synteny, and are rich in both TEs and BGCs, but the genomic signatures also indicated that H. albidus may be less well equipped to adapt and maintain its ecological niche in a rapidly changing environment.  Data included This post contains the alternate structural and functional annotations of the genomes of Helotealean fungi used in the study.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Divergent geographic variation in above- versus belowground secondary metabolites of Reynoutria japonica

<ol> <li>Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant adaptation because they can mitigate biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. However, their production and allocation incur different costs and benefits and are therefore subject to trade-offs, which are less studied.</li> <li>To understand large-scale geographic patterns of secondary metabolites, and their environmental drivers and trade-offs, we studied 39 natural populations of the perennial herb Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) along a large latitudinal gradient in China. We measured the concentrations of six polyphenols in leaves and rhizomes of R. japonica and associated the variation in these metabolites with biotic and abiotic environmental factors as well as with functional plant traits and putative costs of secondary metabolites.</li> <li>We found that climate was an important driver of variation in secondary metabolites, both above- and belowground. Remarkably, the patterns of association differed between leaves and rhizomes, as well as between putative low-cost vs. high-cost compounds. While annual mean temperature was a stronger predictor of aboveground metabolites, annual precipitation was more frequently associated with variation in belowground metabolites. Moreover, annual temperature was positively associated with high-cost metabolites, but negatively with low-cost metabolites. Aboveground secondary metabolites were generally more strongly associated with functional traits (e.g., specific leaf area) than belowground metabolites, and in all cases, the directions of correlation were opposite for low-cost versus high-cost metabolites aboveground. The patterns of association also varied with latitude such that leaf concentrations of low-cost metabolites (quercetin) increased but those of high-cost metabolites (resveratrol, piceid and emodin) decreased at higher latitudes. In rhizomes, in contrast, the concentrations of high-cost metabolites (piceid and emodin) increased with latitude.</li> <li>Synthesis. Our findings indicate that allocation strategies differ between above- and belowground tissues of R. japonica. As latitude increases, R. japonica invests relatively more into belowground metabolites. We propose that reduced high-cost metabolites in the leaves at higher latitudes may help to conserve nutrients after defoliation, while maintaining high-cost metabolites in rhizomes may be important for persistent allelopathic effects and resource conservation belowground. The divergent patterns of above- and belowground metabolite allocation thus likely reflect the multiple functions of metabolites and the plants' adaptation to different environments.</li> </ol>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Genomic localization bias of secondary metabolite gene clusters and association with histone modifications in Aspergillus

Table S4 (Distribution of Orthologous groups) associated with the publication 'Genomic localization bias of secondary metabolite gene clusters and association with histone modifications in Aspergillus' is deposited at Zenodo.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Genetic disruption of synthesis pathways of Arabidopsis secondary metabolites dramatically affects root-associated nematode populations directly and via modulation of microbial communities

Dataset of nematode, fungal and bacterial sequence reads of Arabidopsis roots. Dataset of fungal and bacterial sequence reads of Arabidopsis microbial suspension. DNA concentration of Arabidopsis root microbial suspension. Meloidogyne incognita J2 invasion into tomato roots. qPCR dataset of Meloidogyne hapla infection pressure into Arabidopsis roots.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Data from: "Multiscale variability in nutrients and secondary metabolites in a bat-dispersed neotropical fruit"

Original data and R code accompanying our paper in Ecology & Evolution by Gelambi M. & Whitehead, S. R. (2023).  Ripe fleshy fruits contain not only nutrients but also a diverse array of many secondary metabolites. Nutrients serve as a reward for mutualists, whereas defensive metabolites protect the fruit against pests and predators. The composition of these chemical traits is highly variable, both across different plants and even within repeating structures on the same individual plant. This intraspecific and intraindividual variation has important fitness consequences for both plants and animals, yet patterns of variation and covariation in nutrients and secondary metabolites are not well understood, especially at smaller scales. Here, we investigate the multiscale variation and covariation between nutrients and defensive metabolites in Piper sancti-felicis ripe fruits. Means and variances of sugars, proteins, phenolics, and alkenylphenols vary greatly among plants, and at least 50% of the trait variation occurs at the intraindividual level. Also, we found that proteins, but not sugars, were correlated with phenolics and alkenylphenols at multiple scales, suggesting trait variation in protein content may be more constrained than sugars. Our findings emphasize the importance of examining patterns across scales and provide the groundwork to better understand how complex patterns of variation and covariation in nutrients and defensive metabolites shape ecological interactions surrounding fruits.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Plant secondary metabolite increases the control-effectiveness of natural enemy - based on caffeine and Snellenius manilae

The food resources in the field can effectively strengthen the ability of natural enemies to control the pest. Certain compounds, in addition to carbohydrates and amino acids, may improve the physiological performance of insects. Caffeine, for instance, has been shown to enhance pollinator memory and physiological reactions. However, little is known about how caffeine influences parasitoids. The control effectiveness and survival rate of the parasitoid (Snellenius manilae) were tested in this study after the parasitoids were fed solutions with different concentrations of caffeine. We examined caffeine concentrations of 10-2, 10-4, and 10-6 (M) mixed with a 25% sucrose solution and a pure sucrose solution as a control group. The results show that a concentration of 10-6 caffeine solution significantly increased the parasitism rate of S. manilae by 10.76% when compared to the control group. Despite the significantly lower survival rate and male bias of S. manilae offspring in the 10-2 treatment, no further negative responses in growth performance, development time, or cocoon weight were observed. These findings suggest that an appropriate concentration of caffeine solution can have a positive impact on the control effectiveness of parasitoids in the laboratory. Our results highlight the potential of secondary compounds to increase the bio-control effectiveness.

publicDec 2023View details →

Divergent geographic variation in above- versus belowground secondary metabolites of Reynoutria japonica

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publicMar 2021View details →

Data from: Exhaustive extraction of cyclopeptides from Amanita phalloides: guidelines for working with complex mixtures of secondary metabolites

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publicOct 2023View details →

Plant secondary metabolite increases the control-effectiveness of natural enemy - based on caffeine and Snellenius manilae

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publicMar 2023View details →

Fruit secondary metabolites alter the quantity and quality of a seed dispersal mutualism

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opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Data from: Heritable variation in root secondary metabolites is associated with recent climate

1. Plants can adapt to changing environments by adjusting the production and maintenance of diverse sets of bioactive secondary metabolites. To date, the impact of climatic conditions relative to other factors such as soil abiotic factors and herbivore pressure on the evolution of plant secondary metabolites is poorly understood, especially for plant roots. 2. We explored associations between root latex secondary metabolites in 63 Taraxacum officinale populations across Switzerland and climatic conditions, soil abiotic parameters, root herbivore pressure and cytotype distribution. To assess the contribution of environmental effects, root secondary metabolites were measured in F0 plants in nature and F2 plants under controlled greenhouse conditions. 3. Concentrations of root latex secondary metabolites were most strongly associated with climatic conditions, while current soil abiotic factors or root herbivore pressure did not show a clear association with root latex chemistry. Results were similar for natural and controlled conditions, suggesting heritable variation rather than environmental plasticity as underlying factor. 4. Synthesis. We conclude that climatic conditions likely play a major role in the evolution of root secondary metabolites. These results may hint at a novel role of root latex metabolites in tolerance of abiotic stress.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Transcriptome modulation during host shift is driven by secondary metabolites in desert Drosophila

High-throughput transcriptome studies are breaking new ground to investigate the responses that organisms deploy in alternative environments. Nevertheless, much remains to be understood about the genetic basis of host plant adaptation. Here, we investigate genome-wide expression in the fly Drosophila buzzatii raised in different conditions. This species uses decaying tissues of cactus of the genus Opuntia as primary rearing substrate and secondarily, the necrotic tissues of the columnar cactus Trichocereus terscheckii. The latter constitutes a harmful host, rich in mescaline and other related phenylethylamine alkaloids. We assessed the transcriptomic responses of larvae reared in Opuntia sulphurea and T. terscheckii, with and without the addition of alkaloids extracted from the latter. Whole-genome expression profiles were massively modulated by the rearing environment, mainly by the presence of T. terscheckii alkaloids. Differentially expressed genes were mainly related to detoxification, oxidation–reduction and stress response; however, we also found genes involved in development and neurobiological processes. In conclusion, our study contributes new data onto the role of transcriptional plasticity in response to alternative rearing environments.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Macroevolution of leaf defenses and secondary metabolites across the genus Helianthus

Leaf defenses are widely recognized as key adaptations and drivers of plant evolution. Across environmentally diverse habitats, the macroevolution of leaf defenses can be predicted by the univariate trade-off model, which predicts that defenses are functionally redundant and thus trade off, and the resource availability hypothesis, which predicts that defense investment is determined by inherent growth rate and that higher defense will evolve in lower resource environments. Here, we examined the evolution of leaf physical and chemical defenses and secondary metabolites in relation to environmental characteristics and leaf economic strategy across 28 species of Helianthus (the sunflowers). Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we found few evolutionary trade-offs among defenses and no evidence for defense syndromes. We also found that leaf defenses are strongly related to leaf economic strategy, with higher defense in more resource-conservative species, although there is little support for the evolution of higher defense in low-resource habitats. A wide variety of physical and chemical defenses predict resistance to different insect herbivores, fungal pathogens, and a parasitic plant, suggesting that most sunflower defenses are not redundant in function and that wild Helianthus represents a rich source of variation for the improvement of crop sunflower.