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44 results for “self-fertilization”
FIG. 2 in Selection and habitat-speci®c allozyme variation in the self-fertilizing land snail Cochlicopa lubrica (O. F. MuÈller)
FIG. 2. Habitat-speci®c distribution of the 784 individuals of Cochlicopa lubrica. All individuals are homozygous, either with Aat 1`20 ' or with Aat 1`80 '. Exposed, open habitats are shown with light boxes while moist and shady habitats are superimposed on grey background. Adjacent populations which have been analysed in pair-group comparision are shown in the upper part (see arrows). p values are calculated with standard chi-square tests or, in one case, with Fisher's Exact Test. Habitat structures of each population are summarized in the Appendix.
FIG. 1 in Selection and habitat-speci®c allozyme variation in the self-fertilizing land snail Cochlicopa lubrica (O. F. MuÈller)
FIG. 1. Sampling areas of the 29 populations of Cochlicopa lubrica. A 5 Austria, CZ 5 Czech Republic, D 5 Germany, F 5 France. (1) Habitats near Lake Constance with populations Nos 1 1 1A; 2 1 2A; 3 1 3A; 4 1 4A; 5 1 5A; elevation above sea level: ca 400 m. (2) Habitats around the city of TuÈbingen with populations Nos 6 1 6A; 7 1 7A; 8; 9 1 9A; 10A; 11; 12; 13; elevation: ca 400±450 m. (3) Limestone high land of the Swabian Alp with population No. 17; elevation: ca 600 m. (4) Hill land in the AllgaÈu with population No. 14; elevation ca 600 m. (5) Low land in northern Germany with population No. 15; elevation ca 30 m. (6) Low land in the north east of Germany with population No. 19A; elevation ca 50 m. (7) South-east of Berlin with population No. 16; elevation ca 100 m. (8) Low land of the river Ohre with population No. 21A; elevation ca 300 m. (9) High land of the Alps with population No. 20A; elevation ca 900 m. (10) Mountain area of the Vosges with population No. 18. elevation ca 800 m.
FIG. 3. Conchological diOEerentiation among the homozygous genotypes Aat 1 in Selection and habitat-speci®c allozyme variation in the self-fertilizing land snail Cochlicopa lubrica (O. F. MuÈller)
FIG. 3. Conchological diOEerentiation among the homozygous genotypes Aat 1`20 ' and Aat 1`80' of Cochlicopa lubrica. The two groups are very similar with respect to the four shell dimensions. Discriminant scores are extracted with`shell height',`shell diameter',`diameter of the last whorl' and`diameter of the penultimate shell whorl'. Data of 316 shells are incorporated.
Data from: Self-fertilization and the role of males in populations of tadpole shrimp (Branchiopoda: Notostraca: Triops)
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Data from: Coevolutionary interactions with parasites constrain the spread of self-fertilization into outcrossing host populations
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Data from: Reproductive assurance drives transitions to self-fertilization in experimental Caenorhabditis elegans
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Data from: Lack of spatial structure for phenotypic and genetic variation despite high self-fertilization in Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae)
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Data from: Postglacial ecotype formation under outcrossing and self-fertilization in Arabidopis lyrata
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Data from: How relatedness between mates influences reproductive success: an experimental analysis of self-fertilization and biparental inbreeding in a marine bryozoan
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Data from: Repeated evolution and reversibility of self-fertilization in the volvocine green algae
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Data from: A geographic cline in the ability to self-fertilize is unrelated to the pollination environment
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Assessing the genetic diversity in Argopecten nucleus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae), a functional hermaphrodite species with extremely low population density and self-fertilization: effect of null alleles
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Data from: Investigating the production of sexual resting structures in a plant pathogen reveals unexpected self-fertility and genotype-by-environment effects
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Data from: Looking into the black box: simulating the role of self-fertilization and mortality in the genetic structure of Macrocystis pyrifera
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Data from: Self-fertilization and herbivory in a rare alpine plant in California, Claytonia megarhiza (Montiaceae)
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Data from: Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite
Basic models of mating-system evolution predict that hermaphroditic organisms should mostly either cross-fertilize, or self-fertilize, due to self-reinforcing coevolution of inbreeding depression and outcrossing rates. However transitions between mating systems occur. A plausible scenario for such transitions assumes that a decrease in pollinator or mate availability temporarily constrains outcrossing populations to self-fertilize as a reproductive assurance strategy. This should trigger a purge of inbreeding depression which in turn encourages individuals to self-fertilize more often and finally to reduce male allocation. We tested the predictions of this scenario using the freshwater snail Physa acuta, a self-compatible hermaphrodite that preferentially outcrosses and exhibits high inbreeding depression in natural populations. From an outbred population, we built two types of experimental evolution lines, controls (outcrossing every generation) and constrained lines (in which mates were often unavailable, forcing individuals to self-fertilize). After ca. twenty generations, individuals from constrained lines initiated self-fertilization earlier in life and had purged most of their inbreeding depression compared to controls. However, their male allocation remained unchanged. Our study suggests that the mating system can rapidly evolve as a response to reduced mating opportunities, supporting the reproductive assurance scenario of transitions from outcrossing to selfing.
Data from: Turnover in local parasite populations temporarily favors host outcrossing over self-fertilization during experimental evolution
The ubiquity of outcrossing in plants and animals is difficult to explain given its costs relative to self-fertilization. Despite these costs, exposure to changing environmental conditions can temporarily favor outcrossing over selfing. Therefore, recurring episodes of environmental change are predicted to favor the maintenance of outcrossing. Studies of host–parasite coevolution have provided strong support for this hypothesis. However, it is unclear whether multiple exposures to novel parasite genotypes in the absence of coevolution are sufficient to favor outcrossing. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens, we studied host responses to parasite turnover. We passaged several replicates of a host population that was well-adapted to the S. marcescens strain Sm2170 with either Sm2170 or one of three novel S. marcescens strains, each derived from Sm2170, for 18 generations. We found that hosts exposed to novel parasites maintained higher outcrossing rates than hosts exposed to Sm2170. Nonetheless, host outcrossing rates declined over time against all but the most virulent novel parasite strain. Hosts exposed to the most virulent novel strain exhibited increased outcrossing rates for approximately 12 generations, but did not maintain elevated levels of outcrossing throughout the experiment. Thus, parasite turnover can transiently increase host outcrossing. These results suggest that recurring episodes of parasite turnover have the potential to favor the maintenance of host outcrossing. However, such maintenance may require frequent exposure to novel virulent parasites, rapid rates of parasite turnover, and substantial host gene flow.
Data from: Joint evolution of differential seed dispersal and self-fertilization
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Data from: Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite
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Data from: Turnover in local parasite populations temporarily favors host outcrossing over self-fertilization during experimental evolution
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