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FIGURE 6. Sabellaria jeramae n in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 6. Sabellaria jeramae n. sp., scanning electron micrographs. A—operculum, B—middle (below) and inner (center to upper) paleae, C—close-up of outer paleae, D—E—distal end of outer paleae, F—nuchal spines, G—abdominal uncini. Scales on images. Scale: 0.2mm in A, 0.1mm in B, D, 0.05mm in C, E, 0.02mm in F, 0.01mm in G.

FIGURE 5. Sabellaria jeramae n in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 5. Sabellaria jeramae n. sp., outline drawings of paleae, chaetae, hooks and uncini. A—outer paleae, B, C—middle paleae, D—inner paleae, E–H—distal end of outer paleae, I—nuchal hook (spine), J—parathoracic chaetae, K—thoracic chaetae, L—abdominal uncini. E–L are drawn from SEM figures. Scale: 100 µm in A—I, 20 µm in J and K, 10 µm in L.

FIGURE 2. Sabellaria jeramae n in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 2. Sabellaria jeramae n. sp., outline drawings of the holotype. A—anterior end, lateral view, B—same, ventral view, C—same, dorsal view, D—anterior view of opercular disc showing the rows of paleae. Scales 1mm (upper in A-C, lower in D).

FIGURE 4. Sabellaria jeramae n in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 4. Sabellaria jeramae n. sp., compound microscope images. A–C—outer paleae, D—middle paleae, E—inner paleae, F—nuchal spines. Scale: 0.2mm in A, B, D, E, 0.05mm in C, 0.025mm in F.

FIGURE 8. Sabellaria jeramae n in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 8. Sabellaria jeramae n. sp., light and compound microscope images of abdominal and caudal features. A—first two abdominal chaetigers abdominal notopodia and neuropodia, B—posterior abdominal chaetigers and cauda, dorsal view, Csame, lateral view, D—same ventral view, E—abdominal neurochaetae, F—uncini anterior abdominal chaetigers, G—same, mid-abdominal chaetigers, H, I—same, posterior abdominal chaetigers. Scale: 0.5mm in A-D, 0.02mm in E-I.

FIGURE 1 in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 1. Map of the Malay Archipelago and Jeram Beach. A—Malay Peninsula, B—Jeram Beach (with an arrow) and adjacent area: detail of arrowed site in A near Kuala Lumpur, C—view of Sabellaria jeramae n. sp. reef, D and E – detail of small clumps of Sabellaria jeramae n. sp.

FIGURE 3. Sabellaria jeramae n in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 3. Sabellaria jeramae n. sp., light microscope images of a paratype (AM W. 47951). A—complete specimen, ventral view, B—anterior end, ventral view, C—anterior end, dorsal view, D—anterior end, side view, showing rows of tentacular filaments (lines), E—detail of the edge of operculum, with opercular papillae and tentacular filaments, F—longitudinal section showing structures between opercular lobes, G—detail of median organ and median ridge, H—arrangement of paleae. Abbreviations: bo, buccal organ; br2, br3, branchial chaetigers 2, 3; ip, inner paleae; mo, median organ; mp, middle paleae; mr, median ridge; op, outer paleae; pa, opercular papillae; tf, tentacular filaments. Scale: 2mm in A, 1mm in B-D, F, 0.5mm in E, G, H.

FIGURE 7. Sabellaria jeramae n in Sabellaria jeramae, a new species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from the shallow waters of Malaysia, with a note on the ecological traits of reefs

FIGURE 7. Sabellaria jeramae n. sp., stereo and compound microscope images of thoracic and parathoracic features. Aparathorax, dorsal view, B—same, anterio-lateral view, C—same, lateral view, D—thoracic branchiae, E—detail of branchial ciliation, F—details of branchial glands, G—interior of parathoracic chaetigers filled with eggs, H—detail of eggs, Ineurochaetae of chaetiger 1, J—notochaetae of chaetiger 2, K—parathoracic notochaetae, L—detail of distal ends of parathoracic oar-like notochaetae, M—detail of distal end of parathoracic thin capillary notochaetae, N—parathoracic neurochaetae. Abbreviations: bo, buccal organ; ch1–3, chaetiger 1–3; cn1, cirrus neuropodium chaetiger 1; ll, lateral lobe; ne3– 5, neuropodia chaetiger 3–5; no3–5, notopodia chaetigers 3–5. Scale: 1mm in A, B, 0.5mm in C, D, G, 0.25mm in E, 0.1mm in K, N, 0.05mm in F, H, 0.02mm in I, J, K, M.

FIGURE 2 in Shallow-water reef ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of Réunion (Mascarene Islands), with biogeographic considerations

FIGURE 2. Pictures of species encountered in Réunion Island waters. Pictures were taken of freshly collected specimens except when indicated. Photo credit: BIOTAS.

FIGURE 4 in Shallow-water reef ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of Réunion (Mascarene Islands), with biogeographic considerations

FIGURE 4. Pictures of species encountered in Réunion Island waters. Pictures were taken of freshly collected specimens except when indicated. Photo credit: BIOTAS.

FIGURE 5 in Shallow-water reef ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of Réunion (Mascarene Islands), with biogeographic considerations

FIGURE 5. Pictures of species encountered in Réunion Island waters. Pictures were taken of freshly collected specimens except when indicated. Photo credit: BIOTAS.

FIGURE 3 in Shallow-water reef ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of Réunion (Mascarene Islands), with biogeographic considerations

FIGURE 3. Pictures of species encountered in Réunion Island waters. Pictures were taken of freshly collected specimens except when indicated. Photo credit: BIOTAS.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

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Deep reefs are not refugium for shallow-water fish communities in the southwestern Atlantic

1. The deep reef refugia hypothesis (DRRH) predicts that deep reef ecosystems may act as refugium for the biota of disturbed shallow waters. Because deep reefs are amongst the most understudied habitats on Earth, formal tests of the DRRH remain scarce. If the DRRH is valid at the community level, the diversity of species, functions and lineages of fish communities of shallow reefs should be encapsulated in deep reefs. 2. We tested the DRRH by assessing the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of 22 Brazilian fish communities between 2 and 62m depth. We partitioned the gamma diversity of shallow (<30m) and deep reefs (>30m) into independent alpha and beta components, accounted for species' abundance, and assessed if beta patterns were mostly driven by spatial turnover or nestedness. 3. We recorded 3821 fishes belonging to 85 species and 36 families. Contrary to DRRH expectations, only 48% of the species occurred in both shallow and deep reefs. Alpha diversity of rare species was higher in deep reefs as expected, but alpha diversity of typical and dominant species did not vary with depth. Alpha functional diversity was higher in deep reefs only for rare and typical species, but not for dominant species. Alpha phylogenetic diversity was consistently higher in deep reefs, supporting DRRH expectations. 4. Profiles of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic beta diversity indicated that deep reefs were not more heterogeneous than shallow reefs, contradicting expectations of biotic homogenization near sea surface. Furthermore, pairwise beta diversity analyses revealed that the patterns were mostly driven by spatial turnover rather than nestedness at any depth. 5. Conclusions: Although some results support the DRRH, most indicate that the shallow-water reef fish diversity are not fully encapsulated in deep reefs. Every reef contributes significantly to the regional diversity and must be managed and protected accordingly.

F in Habitat utilization by juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata, Linnaeus, 1766) around a shallow water coral reef

F. 6. Schematic showing the movement of hawksbill turtles between foraging and resting sites: (1) foraging on reef flat; (2) ascending to the surface once foraging has ended; (3) descending down reef face; (4) resting site (typically sandy bottomed); (5) ascending to surface following period of rest and return to foraging site.

F in Habitat utilization by juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata, Linnaeus, 1766) around a shallow water coral reef

F. 7. Comparison of foraging depth (active and stationary combined) with the depth of the resting site (post-foraging) (open circle). Line of equivalence (i.e. foraging depth= resting depth). Data represent occasions when the turtle was observed to swim repeatedly between foraging and resting sites (N=11) and not when observed at either site independently. Superimposed are mean dive depth data (±1 SD) for juvenile hawksbills taken from table 3 in van Dam and Diez (1996) (closed circle).

F in Habitat utilization by juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata, Linnaeus, 1766) around a shallow water coral reef

F. 5. Mean depth (±1 SD) for different behaviours at the six study sites combined. SF, stationary foraging; AF, active foraging; R, resting; AR, assisted resting.

F in Habitat utilization by juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata, Linnaeus, 1766) around a shallow water coral reef

F. 3. Comparison of actual and estimated sizes of the four mock-up carapaces (±1 SD). Data shown represent a combination of all observers (N=6). Line of equivalence (i.e. actual size=estimated size) is shown.