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Fig. 12 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 12. PCA plot of shell shape in Arcomytilus, grouped according to rib number in steps of 25 ribs and displayed as convex hulls.

Fig. 7 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 7. Scatter plots of log transformed values of height over length for the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 6 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 6. Measured distances in the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Abbreviations: H, height; L, length; LL, ligament length. Arrow indicates turning point of growth.

Fig. 5 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 5. Specimens of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon securiformis (Sharpe, 1850) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. A–C. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. A. Hinge plates of left and right valve. GML 25915. B. Interior of right valve, showing hinge arrangement and parts of the muscle scars. GML 25916. C. Left valve view of articulated specimen. GML 25917. D. Articulated, strongly elongated, gerontic specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Santa Cruz. GML 25918. E. Small articulated specimen with clearly visible commarginal lamellae. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Vestiaria. GML 25919. F. Articulated gerontic specimen with ventrally elongated shell. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salgados. GML 25920. G. Short, rounded, articulated specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. GML 25921. H. Large, high, and short specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Porto das Barcas. GML 25922.

Fig. 3 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 3. Specimens of mytilid bivalve Arcomytilus from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Portugal and France. A–F. Arcomytilus morrisii (Sharpe, 1850). A. Large articulated specimen with pointed umbones and slightly imprinted anterior part. Arranhó II member, earliest Tithonian, Serra de Alrota. GML 25900. B. Small adult specimen, left valve with fine ribbing pattern and relatively straight anterior margin. Alcobaça formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Consolação. GML 25901. C. Young adult specimen, left valve with coarse ribbing pattern and large, elevated disc. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25902. D. Small adult, articulated specimen. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salir do Porto. GML 25903. E. Large articulated specimen with extremely triangular outline and wide−spaced, strong ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Lameiro das Antas. GML 25904. F. Adult specimen, left valve with bi− and trifurcation and simultaneous insertion of ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25905. G. Arcomytilus asper. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN J 08224. H. Arcomytilus bathonicus. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN, coll. Deshayes 1876−8. I. Arcomytilus pectinatus. Right valve. "Corallien", La Rochelle, Charente−Maritime, France. MNHN, coll. d'Orbigny 4247.

Fig. 11 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 11. Lithostratigraphy plot of Arcomytilus. A. Different species and lithostratigraphically grouped Arcomytilus morrisii are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M; mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic rock suite in the Lusitanian Basin. Modified from Schneider et al. (2009). All units discussed herein are numbered in squared brackets. Formations and members that are not yet formally established are written in lower case letters. Abbreviations: A., Arisphinctes; As., Aspidoceras; Au., Aulacostephanus; C., Crussoliceras; D., Dichotomoceras; Fm., formation; M., Micracanthoceras; Mb., member; Q., Quenstedtoceras; S., Simoceras; Se., Semiformiceras.

Fig. 1 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 1. Geographic and geological overview of the Lusitanian Basin. The numbering of localities refers to Table 1, second column.

Fig. 14 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 14. Lithostratigraphy plot of Eomiodon securiformis. A. Lithostratigraphically arranged groups are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M, mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 16 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 16. Left valve of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon sp. from Early Tithonian, Arranhó II member, Santa Cruz (GML 25929) in internal (A) and external (B) views.

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Fig. 2 in Relationships between Dimensionless Models of Ammonoid Shell Morphology

Fig. 2. Plot of a sample of 1222 observations from 201 species of Mesozoic planispiral ammonites in the morphospace (H2/H1, H1/D), modified from Parent et al. (2010). The closed curves are the contours shown in Raup (1967: figs. 4, 8) as explained in text.

Figure 20 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 20. Nervous system in Pulvinites exempla. A diagrammatic lateral view showing the position of major nerves and ganglia. Inset: abdominal sense organ, transverse histological section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff 's stain; AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Scale bar = 50 µm. aso, abdominal sense organ; CP, cerebropleural ganglia; cpc, cerebropedal connectives; cvc, cerebrovisceral connectives; dpn, dorsal pedal nerves; gn, gill axis nerve; P, pedal ganglia (joined); pamn, posterior adductor muscle nerve; prmn, posterior pedobyssal retractor nerves; sec, supra-oesophageal connective; V, right visceral ganglion (left cannot be observed in this view).

Figure 19 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 19. Heart in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Transverse histological section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's stain) (scale bar = 300 µm). au, auricles; in, intestine; v, ventricle.

Figure 17 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 17. Morphology of ctenidia in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Transverse histological section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff 's stain) of a single inner demibranch. A, section at the ventralmost edge of the demibranch margins showing the absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion. B, section slightly proximal to that of (A) showing the limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to a transient, narrow, median bridge. C, section at mid-height of the demibranch. Scale bar = 50 µm. ac, apical cilia; iij, interlamellar junction; lc, lateral cilia; mc, mucocyte; mlfc, microlaterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion.

Figure 14 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 14. Details of mantle edge morphology in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). A, cross-section of the mantle; the arrow shows OF-2 (pallial skirt) (scale bar = 200 µm). B, lateral view of the interior mantle margin showing the outer surfaces of IF-1, IF-2, and OF-1; the arrow indicates the sinuous groove separating the inner fold (scale bar = 200 µm). C, magnified large tentacle of the inner surface of IF-1 (scale bar = 25 µm). D, small laterally compressed tentacles of the outer surface of IF-2 (scale bar = 50 µm). E, ciliated inner surface of IF-1 (scale bar = 10 µm). F, smooth inner surface of OF-1 (scale bar = 10 µm); IF, inner mantle fold; OF, outer fold; p, periostracum; t, tentacle.

Figure 16 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 16. Morphology of ctenidia in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). A, right lateral view of a mid-ventral part of ctenidia showing food grooves of the inner demibranchs (arrows) (scale bar = 250 µm). The left outer demibranch is not shown. B, magnified right lateral view of a gill lamella showing ciliation of the frontal surface and ciliated disks connecting neighbouring filaments (square) (scale bar = 50 µm). C, abfrontal surface of a lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by ciliated disks (scale bar = 150 µm). D, magnified squared area in (B) showing the Velcro-like cilial connection of ciliated disks projecting from spurs (scale bar = 10 µm). E, isolated ciliated disk projecting from a spur (scale bar = 10 µm).

Figure 13 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 13. Mantle edge morphology in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Histological cross-section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's stain). A, overview of the mantle margin at the ventral edge of the mantle showing the proximal displacement of OF-2 (pallial skirt) (scale bar = 500 µm). B, magnified mantle margin (scale bar = 200 µm). C, close-up of OF-2; the arrows indicate pigmented (presumably secretory) cells (scale bar = 50 µm). D, cross-section of the mantle edge posterior to the mantle isthmus showing the distal position of OF-2 and merging IF-1 and OF-2 folds (scale bar = 100 µm). c, circumpallial artery; IF, inner mantle fold; OF, outer fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; t, tentacle.

Figure 15 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 15. Posterior adductor muscle in Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). Histological sagittal section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's stain). The section was made close to the attachment surface of the adductor muscle showing slightly denser packed muscle fibres in the anterior section (right side) than in the posterior section (left side), separated by the dashed line (scale bar = 150 µm). Inset: visceral transverse connective (vc) suspended in loose connective tissue at the anteroventral surface of the posterior adductor muscle (pam) (scale bar = 250 µm).

Figure 10 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 10. Ligament morphology in Pulvinites exempla. A, lateral view of the left valve hinge plate showing the orientation of the ligament relative to the umbo (arrow) and the relative position of fibrous (F) and lamellar (L) sublayers. Superscripts indicate the ontogenetic order of the deposition of resilia (AMS C.129659; 62.2 mm). B, lateroventral view of the left valve hinge plate showing the breached ventral edge and the rounded cross-section of resilifers. Note the difference in colour between the ligostracal resilifer walls and the underlying ostracum (NMNZ M.153627; 68.1 mm).

Figure 11 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)

Figure 11. Ligament microstructure in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 45.2 mm). A, transverse section of the hinge plate made through a resilifer showing the arrangement of shell layers (scale bar = 1 mm). Enlargement of the squared area is presented in (B). B, widest area of the ligostracum making the roof of the resilifer (scale bar = 50 µm). C, magnified interface of the ligostracal and nacreous layer showing the irregular pattern of the ligostracum (scale bar = 15 µm). flg, fibrous ligamental sublayer; L, ligostracum; M, myostracum; Ni, inner nacreous layer; No, outer nacreous layer; P, prismatic layer. Figures were prepared by polishing and etching sections of epoxy-embedded left valve.