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FIG. 3 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)
FIG. 3. — Nasal: A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm.
FIG. 5 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)
FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.
FIG. 2 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)
FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.
The Missing Link: A New Skeleton for Evolutionary Multi-Agent Systems in Erlang
<p>Evolutionary multi-agent systems (EMAS) play a critical role in many artificial intelligence applications that are in use today. In this paper, we present a new generic skeleton for parallel EMAS computations, written in Erlang. The skeleton enables us to capture a wide variety of concrete evolu- tionary computations that can exploit the same underlying parallel implemen- tation. We demonstrate the use of our skeleton on two different evolutionary computing applications: i) computing the minimum of the Rastrigin function; and ii) solving an urban traffic optimisation problem. We show that we can ob- tain very good speedups (up to 142.44× the sequential performance using 244 threads on a 61-core accelerator) on a variety of different parallel hardware, while requiring very little parallelisation effort.</p>
Fig. 2 in Preliminary notices of skeletons and skulls of Deinodontidae from the Cretaceous of Alberta
Fig. 2. Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe. Skeleton mounted in running pose. The missing parts are painted on the panel, except for parts of the right fore and hind limbs, restored in plaster. Amer. Mus. No. 5458. Length of panel 24 feet.
Fig. 1 in Preliminary notices of skeletons and skulls of Deinodontidae from the Cretaceous of Alberta
Fig. 1. Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe. Skeleton mounted as found in the rock. The parts restored are painted on the panel. Amer. Mus. No. 5428. Length of 12 feet.
Micro-CT data from the skeleton of the sea urchin Cidaris rugosa at four different resolutions
<p>The sponge-like biomineralised calcite materials found in echinoderm skeletons are of interest in terms of both structure formation and biological function. Despite their crystalline atomic structure, they exhibit curved interfaces that have been related to known triply-periodic minimal surfaces. Here, we investigate the endoskeleton of the sea urchin <em>Cidaris rugosa</em> that has long been known to form a microstructure related to the Primitive surface. Using X-ray tomography, we find that the endoskeleton is organised as a composite material consisting of domains of bicontinuous microstructures with different structural properties. We describe, for the first time, the co-occurrence of ordered Primitive and Diamond structures and of a disordered structure within a single skeletal plate. We show that these structures can be distinguished by structural properties including solid volume fraction, trabeculae width, and to a lesser extent, interface area and mean curvature. In doing so, we present a robust method that extracts interface areas and curvature integrals from voxelized datasets using the Steiner polynomial for parallel body volumes. We discuss these very large scale bicontinuous structures in the context of their function, formation, and evolution.</p>
Figure 12 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 12. Phylomorphospace of the principal components 1 and 2 for the forelimb (a) and its correlation circle (b). The dotted circle delimits the Ziphiidae family. The branches represent the phylogenetic relationships between the different species. The abbreviations are the same as in Fig. 11 except for the following: Dele: Delphinapterus leucas; Doat: Dorudon atrox; Mebo:Mesoplodon bowdoini; Oror: Orcinus orca; Stco: Stenella commersonii.
Figure 11 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 11. Phylomorphospace of the principal components 1 and 2 for the hamular fossa of the pterygoid sinus (a) and its correlation circle (b). The dotted circle delimits the Ziphiidae family. The branches represent the phylogenetic relationships between the different species. Abbreviations: Ceco: Cephalorhynchus commersonii; Glme: Globicephala melas; Grgr: Grampus griseus; Hyam: Hyperoodon ampullatus; Laac: Lagenorhynchus acutus; Mebi: Mesoplodon bidens; Megr: Mesoplodon grayi; Megre: Messapicetus gregarius; Mepe: Mesoplodon peruvianus; Momo: Monodon monoceros; Orbr:Orcaella brevirostris; Phma: Physeter macrocephalus; Pobl: Pontoporia blainvillei; Plga: Platanista gangetica; Pscr: Pseudorca crassidens; Saob:Sagmatias obscurus; Sofl: Sotalia fluviatilis; Stat: Stenella attenuata; Stcl: Stenella clymene; Stfr: Stenella frontalis; Tutr: Tursiops truncatus; Zica: Ziphius cavirostris.
Figure 7 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 7. Humeri and left radius of MUSM 2542, Messapicetus gregarius. Right humerus in medial (a), lateral (b), ulnar (c), and radial view (d); left humerus in medial (e), lateral (f), ulnar (g), radial (h), and posterior view (i); left radius in lateral (j), medial (k), and ulnar view (l).
Figure 5 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 5. Ribs of the specimen MUSM 2548, Messapicetus gregarius, in anterior view. Pair 1 (a) and (b); pair 2 (c) and (d); pair 3 (e) and (f); pair 4 (g) and (h); (i), (j), (k), and (l) cannot be precisely positioned.
Figure 8 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 8. Comparison of muscular insertions along the atlas and axis in Messapicetus gregarius MUSM 2548 in ventral view (a) and posterior view (b); in Ninoziphius platyrostris MNHN SAS 941 in ventral view (c) and posterior view (d); in Mesoplodon densirostris USNM 593522 in ventral view (e) and posterior view (f); in Berardius sp. MNHN 1885-278.
Figure 3 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 3. Thoracic and post-thoracic vertebrae of the specimen MUSM 2548, Messapicetus gregarius. Thoracic vertebra A in anterior (a), posterior (b), and dorsal view (c); thoracic B in posterior (d), left lateral (e), and ventral view (f); thoracic C in posterior (g), lateral (h), and ventral view (i); thoracic–post-thoracic D in posterior (j) and lateral view (k); thoracic–post-thoracic E in lateral view (l).
Figure 10 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 10. Comparison of the muscle origins and insertions of the scapula and humerus in lateral view in Tursiops truncatus (SNM CN2x) (a); a reconstruction of the scapula of Messapicetus gregarius (MUSM 2548) (b); Mesoplodon bidens (SNM CN4x) (c); Physeter macrocephalus (SNM CN1x) (d); Inia geoffrensis (NRS A608415) (e); Pontoporia blainvillei (SNM CN1x) (f). Insertion of the M. infraspinatus could not be assessed in M. gregarius. Scale = 50 mm. Dotted lines correspond to the reconstructed parts.
Figure 9 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 9. Comparative reconstructions of the cervical complex in several cetaceans with neck muscle origins discussed in this paper. The reconstructions concerned Messapicetus gregarius (MUSM 2548) (a), Ninoziphius platyrostris (MNHN SAS 941) (b), Hyperoodon ampullatus (SNM CN1x) (c), Mesoplodon bidens (MNHN A14519) (d), Inia geoffrensis (SNM CN1x) (e), and Xiphiacetus cristatus (IRSNB 3240-M.361) (f). Dotted lines correspond to broken parts.
Figure 1 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 1. Set of linear measurements taken for the study exemplified in Hyperoodon ampullatus. (a) Skull in ventral view; (b) skull in lateral view; (c) scapula in lateral view; (d) humerus in lateral view; (e) radius in lateral view.
Figure 2 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae of the specimen MUSM 2548, Messapicetus gregarius. Axis in anterior (a), posterior (b), and ventral view (c); C5–C6 in anterior (d), posterior (e), and dorsal view (f); C7 in anterior (g), posterior (h), and dorsal view (i).
Figure 21. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton. A, right metatarsal II in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)
Figure 21. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton. A, right metatarsal II and right mesocuneiform articulated (IWCMS. 1999.128). B, partial pes articulated shown as left, comprising left calcaneum, left cuboid, right mesocuneiform (reversed), left ectocuneiform, left metatarsal III (IWCMS. 1999.128) and left metatarsal II (IWCMS. 2000.390). C, left calcaneum. D, left M/T II. E, left ectocuneiform and M/T III articulated. F, right M/T II. G, right mesocuneiform. H–J, pedal left first phalanx III (IWCMS. 1999.128). K, sesamoid (IWCMS. 1999.128). Views are medial (A, E), anterior (B), lateral (C, D, J), proximal (F), distal (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I) and medial or lateral (K). Coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bar = 50 mm.
Figure 15. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton, manus. A–C in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)
Figure 15. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton, manus. A–C, left scaphoid (SMNS.41992). D–F, left unciform (BMNH.M42661) and proximal metacarpal IV (SMNS.42066a) articulated. G, J, P, left metacarpal II. H, I, right metacarpals III and IV, reversed (IWCMS. 1999.128), to show articulation (G) and juxtaposition (J) with left M/C II. K–M, manual right first phalanx IV, reversed (IWCMS. 1999.128). N, O, manual left or right second phalanx III or IV (SMNS.42098). Q, R, right M/C III, reversed. S, right M/C IV reversed. Views are anterior (A, D, G, H), lateral (B, F, P, R), proximal (C, I, J), medial (E, K, Q, S), dorsal (L, O), ventral (M) and medial or lateral (N). Coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bar = 50 mm.
Figure 3 in A skeleton from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland illuminates an earlier origin of large pterosaurs
Figure 3. Postcranial skeleton and dentition of the new Middle Jurassic pterosaur Dearc sgiathanach Photographs of the right manus (A), cervical series (B), pubic region (C), right humerus (D), left humerus (E), left metacarpal-phalanx articular region (F), right maxilla (G), and left pes (H) of NMS G.2021.6.1–4.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.