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60 results for “snowmelt”
Data from: Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant
How climate change influences the dynamics of plant populations is not well understood, as few plant studies have measured responses of vital rates to climatic variables and modeled the impact on population growth. I used 25 years of demographic data to analyze how survival, growth, and fecundity respond to date of spring snow melt for a subalpine plant. Fecundity was estimated by seed production (over 15 years) and also divided into flower number, fruit set, seeds per fruit, and escape from seed predation. Despite no apparent effects on flower number, plants produced more seeds in years with later snowmelt. Survival and probability of flowering were reduced by early snow melt in the previous year. Based on demographic models, earlier snowmelt with warming is expected to lead to negative population growth, driven especially by changes in seedling establishment and seed production. These results provide a rare example of how climate change is expected to influence the dynamics of a plant population. They furthermore illustrate the potential for strong population impacts even in the absence of more commonly reported visual signs, such as earlier blooming or reduced floral display in early melting years.
Phosphorus release from intact soil monoliths of manure amended fields under simulated snowmelt flooding
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Anaerobic conditions developed in soils with flooding can enhance the release of soil phosphorus (P) to overlying water, but little information is available for soils with a long history of manure application. We examined the P release from manure-amended soils under simulated snowmelt flooding. Intact monoliths from manured (solid-swine, SSM or liquid swine, LSM) and unamended (control) field plots were collected from Carman, Manitoba. Monoliths were frozen for seven days, then thawed, flooded and incubated at +4±1 °C. Redox potential, pH, and concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP), Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn in pore water and floodwater were determined weekly up to 56 days after flooding (DAF), and then at 84 DAF. Redox potential decreased with DAF with a greater, and more rapid, decrease in SSM (from initial value of ~300 mV to < 0 mV by 84 DAF) compared to LSM and control (~100 mV by 84 DAF). Pore water and floodwater DRP concentrations were significantly greater in manured treatments than the control at all DAFs, and in SSM than LSM for most DAFs. While floodwater DRP concentrations remained relatively stable in the control treatment, concentrations in manured treatments increased substantially from the onset of flooding to 35-42 DAF (3-4-fold increase) and remained relatively stable thereafter. Significantly greater P release from SSM- than LSM-treated monoliths was due to greater input of P, as well as the higher organic matter content in SSM treated soils. These favored the rapid development of anaerobic conditions that further induced P release.</p>
Dataset for: Phosphorus mobilization from intact soil monoliths flooded under simulated summer versus spring snowmelt with intermittent freeze-thaw conditions
<p>Enhanced phosphorus (P) release from flooded, anaerobic soils have been extensively studied under summer temperatures, but not under cold temperatures with intermittent freeze-thaw events. We investigated the temperature and freeze/ thaw effects during flooding on the release of P to floodwater from soil monoliths (15-cm depth) collected from eight agricultural fields in Manitoba. Soil monoliths were flooded with reverse osmosis water and incubated for 56 d under simulated summer flooding (SSF, 22±1 ℃), or snowmelt flooding with intermittent freeze thaw (IFT, 4±1 ℃ with intermittent freezing) in triplicates. Redox potential (Eh), pore water and floodwater dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations, pH and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn were determined weekly. In seven soils, Eh decreased rapidly with days after flooding (DAF) under SSF to values < 200 mV, but not under IFT. Pore water and floodwater DRP concentrations significantly increased with DAF in all soils under SSF, and in seven soils under IFT. While DRP concentrations were consistently greater under SSF than IFT in four soils, other soils had similar concentrations at certain DAFs. Significant relationships between ion concentrations and redox status , that fitted both IFT and SSF data in most soils, suggests that similar redox-driven mechanisms are responsible for the P release; however, less P is released under IFT than SSF, since soils were not severely reduced under IFT. Substantial P release in a few soils under IFT, appeared to be unrelated to redox status, suggesting other P release mechanisms that are not redox driven.</p>
Liquid water content, ice water content and density measured via the SnowMelt Instrument at Auberge station
<pre><span><span>Liquid water content, ice water content and density measured via the SnowMelt Instrument nearby the Auberge station during 3 consecutive winters, from <span>2021-11-05</span> to <span>2024-03-21, for the bottom snow layer (0-7cm). Data are aggregated at the hourly time step. The instrument was unmounted during no-snow periods. The liquid water content of the bottom snow layer can be used as a proxy for snow melt at the measurement point.</span></span></span></pre>
Chemical effects of snowmelt on an alpine lake in the Wind River Range, WY
<p><span>Nitrogen deposition from air pollution is increasingly reaching alpine lakes where the addition of nitrate and ammonium to sensitive surface waters can cause acidification and or eutrophication. Thirty years of sampling in the Wind River Range, WY have shown some lakes increasing in nitrogen. We sought to determine (1) if nutrient concentrations in Deep Lake increase during snowmelt when atmospheric deposition is released from the snowpack and (2) assess if the sampling season, location, meteorological factors, and time of day samples are collected influence lake chemistry metrics, to inform monitoring. We analyzed water samples from the outlet of Deep Lake in peak snowmelt (June) and from the inlet, outlet, and middle of Deep Lake when the basin was snow free (August). In June, outlet samples were more acidic, and nitrogen content was three times August levels. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) declined with snowmelt. August inlet samples were higher in nutrients than outlet and mid-lake samples. Our results indicate that atmospheric pollution in the snowpack enters the lake with snowmelt. Although Deep Lake has not acidified, ANC levels indicate a risk of episodic acidification if nitrogen deposition continues to increase. When monitoring lakes at risk for episodic acidification, sampling during the late snowmelt pulse should be prioritized. Simplified sampling protocols may be used in some lakes, as epilimnion and outlet samples were nearly identical. The time of day and cloud cover did not affect lake chemistry, while wind speed and precipitation weakly increased August ANC and June pH, respectively.</span></p>
Dataset: Time lapse imagery at Finse, Norway, during snowmelt season 2018
<p>These data are supporting the manuscript "Time-lapse photogrammetry of distributed snowdepth during snowmelt" submitted at AGU Water Ressources Research. </p> <p>This dataset contains time-lapse images from three cameras to perform time-lapse photogrammetry. It also contains all the relevant differential GPS data, as well as the Python Script used to processed the resulting point clouds from Photo4d (https://github.com/ArcticSnow/photo4D).</p> <p>The data were collected from May 10 to June 10 2018 in Finse, Norway.</p> <p>Data collected by Simon Filhol, Alexis Perret, Guillaume Sutter from the University of Oslo</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant
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Phosphorus release from intact soil monoliths of manure amended fields under simulated snowmelt flooding
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Chemical effects of snowmelt on an alpine lake in the Wind River Range, WY
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Dataset for: Phosphorus mobilization from intact soil monoliths flooded under simulated summer versus spring snowmelt with intermittent freeze-thaw conditions
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Analytical dataset: Effects of climate variability on snowmelt and implications for organic matter in a high elevation lake
Few paired lake-watershed studies examine long term effects of climate on the ecosystem function of lakes in a hydrological context. We use thirty-two years of hydrological and biogeochemical data from a high-elevation site in the Sierra Nevada of California to characterize variation in snowmelt in relation to climate variability, and explore the impact on factors affecting phytoplankton biomass. The magnitude of accumulated winter snow, quantified through basin-wide estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE), was the most important climate factor controlling variation in the timing and rate of spring snowmelt. Variations in SWE and snowmelt led to significant differences in lake flushing rate, water temperature, and nitrate concentrations across years. On average in dry years, snowmelt started 25 days earlier and proceeded 7 mm/d slower, and the lake began the ice-free season with nitrate concentrations ~2 uM higher and water temperatures 9 C warmer than in wet years. Flushing rates in wet years were 2.5 times larger than dry years. Consequently, particulate organic matter concentrations, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, were 5 – 6 uM higher in dry years. There was a temporal trend of increase in particulate organic matter across dry years that corresponded to lake warming independent of variation in SWE. These results suggest that phytoplankton biomass is increasing as a result of both interannual variability in precipitation and long term warming trends. Our study underscores the need to account for local-scale catchment variability that may affect the accumulation of winter snowpack when predicting climate responses in lakes.
Snowmelt periods as hot moments for soil N dynamics: A case study in Maine, USA
This is the data archive for the corresponding publication with the same title (doi: 0.1007/s10661-020-08733-0). The vernal transition represents the seasonal transition to spring, occurring as temperatures rise at the end of winter. With rapid snowmelt, microbial community turnover, and accelerated nutrient cycling, this is a critical but relatively under-studied period of ecosystem function. We conducted a study over two consecutive winters (2015-2016) at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine to examine how changing winter conditions (warming winters, reduced snow accumulation) altered soil nitrogen availability and stream N export during winter and the vernal transition, and how these patterns were influenced by ecosystem N status (N-enriched vs. N-limited). Of the two study years, 2016 had a warmer winter with substantially less snow accumulation and a discontinuous snowpack — and as a result, had a longer vernal transition and a snowpack that thawed before the vernal transition began. Across both years, snowmelt triggered a transition, signaled by increased ammonium concentrations in soil, decreased soil nitrate concentrations due to flushing by meltwater, and increased stream nitrate exports. Despite the contrasting winter conditions, both years showed similar patterns in N availability and export, differing only in the timing of these transitions. The vernal transition has conventionally been considered a critical period for biogeochemical cycling, because the associated snowmelt event triggers physicochemical and biochemical changes in soil systems. This was consistent with our results in 2015, but our data for 2016 show that this may not always hold true, and instead, that warmer, low-snow winters may demonstrate a temporal asynchrony between snowmelt and the vernal transition. We also show that ecosystem N status is a strong driver of the seasonal N pattern, and the interaction of N status and changing climate must be further investigated to understand ecosyst
Black Sand pilot experiment for speeding snowmelt on Niwot Ridge for summer 2015
We piloted using black sand as a method for speeding snowmelt on Niwot Ridge in the summer of 2015. At each of two sites (Trough and Tvan), two 2x2 m plots were set up and two 3x3m plots were set up, with one of each size plot receiving 600 g/m2 black sand and one receiving 800 g/m2 of black sand. The sand treatments sped snowmelt by 6-9 days. Initially, soil moisture appeared to be slightly lower in the sand plots and soil temperature appeared to be slightly higher, but these effects disappeared by July.
Snowmelt lysimeter data from Soddie site, 1998-2003
The lysimeter array is a collection of 105 snowmelt lysimeters that collect discharge measurements at the base of the snowpack. Each lysimeter is a polyethylene pan with 22 cm high vertical walls and 47 cm by 39.5 cm in horizontal extent resulting in a footprint area of ~1,850 cm2. The height of the lysimeter walls prevent both the loss of water out of the lysimeters and the influx of water from saturated zones along the snow-soil interface [Kattelmann, 2000]. This location collected data during spring snowmelt (April through July) for water years 1998 through 2003. From 1998 through 2001, the array was organized as a two meter grid nested within a four meter grid. The 1998 water year had only 36 lysimeters installed. In the 2002 water year, 15 of lysimeters on the perimeter were relocated to increase the density of the inner grid. Lysimeters were moved from locations of low snow accumulation on the eastern edge and a region that collects debris during melt on the western edge. Meltwater collected by the lysimeters flowed to an underground laboratory through flexible PVC piping into Rainwise Rainew Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges. The cumulative number of tips were recorded by a Campbell Scientific CR1O data logger at one hour intervals summed to daily totals for this dataset. The precision of outflow is approximately 11 ml (~0.06 mm given the footprint of the lysimeter). This dataset includes the coordinates for each lysimeter of the Soddie lysimeter array. Coordinates are in UTM projection, zone 13N, datum NAD83.
Importance of snowmelt contribution to seasonal runoff and summer low flows in Czechia
<p>The file in this record represents a supplementary data for the journal paper Jenicek, M., Ledvinka, O. (2020). Importance of snowmelt contribution to seasonal runoff and summer low flows in Czechia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-611. The file contain simulations of the HBV rainfall-runoff model for 59 mountain catchments in Czechia. The model simulated different water balance components, such as runoff, snow water equivalent, evapotranspiration and groundwater storage for the study period 1980-2014.</p>
Data from: Phosphorus release from unamended and gypsum-or biochar-amended soils under simulated spring snowmelt and summer flooding conditions
<p>Prolonged flooding changes the oxidation–reduction status of soils, often enhancing phosphorus (P) release to overlying floodwater. We studied P release from unamended, gypsum-amended and biochar- amended soils under simulated snowmelt flooding (previously frozen, cold flooding at +4°C) and summer flooding (unfrozen, warm flooding at +22°C), using two soils, Fyala clay (FYL-Cl) and Neuenberg sandy loam (NBG-SL) from Manitoba, Canada. Amended and unamended soils were packed into vessels and flooded under cold and warm temperatures in the laboratory. Pore water and floodwater samples were taken weekly for 6 weeks after flooding (WAF) and thereafter biweekly for 10 WAF, and analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), pH and cation concentrations. NBG-SL showed a significantly higher DRP concentration in pore water and floodwater despite its low Olsen P content. Redox potential (Eh) decreased slowly under cold compared to warm flooding; hence redox-induced P release was substantially lower under cold flooding. Gypsum amendment significantly decreased the floodwater DRP concentrations in NBG-SL by 38% and 35% under cold and warm flooding, respectively, but had no significant effect in FYL-Cl, which had low DRP concentrations (<1.2 mg L-1) throughout flooding period. Biochar amendment significantly increased floodwater DRP concentrations by 27 to 68% in FYL-Cl under cold and warm flooding, respectively, but had no significant effect in NBG-SL. The results indicate substantially less P release under cold, than under warm flooding. Gypsum was effective in reducing floodwater DRP concentrations only at high DRP concentrations; thus the effectiveness was greater under warm, than under cold flooding conditions.</p>
Data from: Temporal variations in the linkages between plants and flower visitors and the pollination success of Primula modesta along the snowmelt gradient
<p>Although pollination networks between plants and flower visitors are diverse and flexible, seed production of many plant species is restricted by pollen limitation. Obligate outcrossers often suffer from low pollinator activity or severe interspecific competition for pollinator acquisition among co-flowering species. This study focused on seasonal changes in plant–flower visitor linkages in an alpine ecosystem and examined whether and how this seasonality affected the seed-set of <em>Primula modesta</em>, a self-incompatible distylous herb having long-tubed flowers. First, we recorded the linkages between plants and flower visitors along the snowmelt gradient. Then, pollination experiment was conducted to estimate the degree of pollen limitation over the course of flowering season of <em>P. modesta</em>. Flower visitors were classified by their tongue length based on the morphological matching with <em>P. modesta</em> flowers. As the season progressed, plant–visitor linkages became more diverse and generalized, and the visitation frequency to <em>P. modesta</em> flowers increased. In the later part of the season, however, the seed set of <em>P. modesta</em> was significantly reduced due to severe pollen limitation, presumably because of increased competition for long-tongued pollinators among co-flowering species. The present study revealed that pollinator availability for specialist species may be restricted even when plant–visitor linkages are diverse and generalized as a whole. In the case of <em>P. modesta</em>, morphological matching and competition for pollinators might be the main factors explaining this discrepancy.</p>
Data from: The response of the alpine dwarf shrub Salix herbacea to altered snowmelt timing: lessons from a multi-site transplant experiment
Climate change is altering spring snowmelt patterns in alpine and arctic ecosystems, and these changes may alter plant phenology, growth and reproduction. To predict how alpine plants respond to shifts in snowmelt timing, we need to understand trait plasticity, its effects on growth and reproduction, and the degree to which plants experience a home-site advantage. We tested how the common, long-lived dwarf shrub Salix herbacea responded to changing spring snowmelt time by reciprocally transplanting turfs of S. herbacea between early-exposure ridge and late-exposure snowbed microhabitats. After the transplant, we monitored phenological, morphological and fitness traits, as well as leaf damage, during two growing seasons. Salix herbacea leafed out earlier, but had a longer development time and produced smaller leaves on ridges relative to snowbeds. Longer phenological development times and smaller leaves were associated with reduced sexual reproduction on ridges. On snowbeds, larger leaves and intermediate development times were associated with increased clonal reproduction. Clonal and sexual reproduction showed no response to altered snowmelt time. We found no home-site advantage in terms of sexual and clonal reproduction. Leaf damage probability depended on snowmelt and thus exposure period, but had no short-term effect on fitness traits. We conclude that the studied populations of S. herbacea can respond to shifts in snowmelt by plastic changes in phenology and leaf size, while maintaining levels of clonal and sexual reproduction. The lack of a home-site advantage suggests that S. herbacea may not be adapted to different microhabitats. The studied populations are thus unlikely to react to climate change by rapid adaptation, but their responses will also not be constrained by small-scale local adaptation. In the short term, snowbed plants may persist due to high stem densities. However, in the long term, reduction in leaf size and flowering, a longer phenological development time and increased exposure to damage may decrease overall performance of S. herbacea under earlier snowmelt.
Runoff, suspended sediment, and solute contents data of the Binggou catchment during the spring snowmelt and summer rainfall periods
<p>This is the runoff, suspended sediment, and solute contents data of the Binggou catchment during the spring snowmelt and summer rainfall periods.</p>
The shrinking Great Salt Lake contributes to record high dust-on-snow deposition in the Wasatch Mountains during the 2022 snowmelt season
<p>This site contains inputs/outputs used for atmospheric backward trajectory analyses (.zip files) and snowmelt mass and energy balance modeling (all other files) in this study. The abstract of the study is below: </p> <p>Seasonal snowmelt from the Wasatch Mountains of northern Utah, USA is a primary control on water availability for the metropolitan Wasatch Front, surrounding agricultural valleys, and the Great Salt Lake (GSL). Prolonged drought, increased evaporation due to warming temperatures, and sustained agricultural and domestic water consumption have caused GSL water levels to reach record low stands in 2021 and 2022, resulting in increased exposure of dry lakebed sediment. When dust emitted from the GSL dry lakebed is deposited on the adjacent Wasatch snowpack, the snow is darkened, and snowmelt is accelerated. Regular observations of dust-on-snow (DOS) began in the Wasatch Mountains in 2009, and the 2022 season was notable for both having the most dust deposition events and the highest snowpack dust concentrations. To understand if record high DOS concentrations were linked to record low GSL levels, dust source regions for each dust event were identified through a backward trajectory model analysis combined with aerosol measurements and field observations. Backward trajectories indicated that the exposed lakebed of the GSL likely contributed 23% of total dust deposition and had the highest dust emissions per surface area. The other potential primary contributors were the Great Salt Lake Desert (45%) and the Sevier + Tule dry lakebeds (17%), both with lower per-area emissions. The impact on snowmelt, quantified by mass and energy balance modeling in the presence and absence of snow darkening by dust, was over two weeks (17 days) earlier. The impact of dust on snowmelt could have been more dramatic if the spring had been drier, but frequent snowfall buried dust layers, delaying dust-accelerated snowmelt later into the melt season.</p>
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