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FIGURE 3 in Similar look but different song: a new Cicadetta species in the montana complex (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

FIGURE 3. Temporal and frequency characteristics of C. cantilatrix sp. nov. calling song. Density distributions were estimated using Gaussian kernel smoothing and plotted over histograms.

FIGURE 4 A–C in Similar look but different song: a new Cicadetta species in the montana complex (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

FIGURE 4 A–C. Frequency pattern of a typical long echeme produced by C. cantilatrix sp. nov. A, Oscillogram; B, Spectrogram (time vs frequency vs amplitude, colour amplitude scale given on the right) and mean spectrum (frequency vs amplitude) of the first and second parts of the echeme; C, Dominant frequency variation along the echeme. Frequency analysis parameters: Hamming window, overlap = 87.5%, frequency resolution = 43 Hz. Short echeme showed similar frequency parameters.

FIGURE 2A–D in Similar look but different song: a new Cicadetta species in the montana complex (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

FIGURE 2A–D. Temporal pattern of C. cantilatrix sp. nov. calling song. A, Oscillogram (time vs amplitude) of two typical sequences, each made of two phrases (P1, P2) with short and long echemes respectively, letters refer to time windows depicted in C and D; B, Variations of temporal parameters along sequences. When ED increases IED decreases and vice versa. FPD covaries with ED while SPD remains constant. Longer IED values separate successive sequences; C, Oscillogram of a typical short echeme produced during phrase 1 (P1); D, Oscillogram of a typical long echeme produced during phrase 2 (P2). ED = echeme duration, IED = inter-echeme duration, FPD = first echeme part duration, SPD = second echeme part duration.

FIGURE 1 in Similar look but different song: a new Cicadetta species in the montana complex (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of C. cantilatrix sp. nov.: male holotype with a lateral view of the genitalia (inset) and female paratype.

opennotspecifiedNov 2021View details →

FIGURE 3 in Mikrischyrum musicum, a new katydid species from montane rainforest in southern Ecuador with complex pure-tone calling song (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae: Platyphyllini)

FIGURE 3. Calling song of Mikrischyrum musicum: A. oscillogram of complete pulse train (20°C, holotype, recording cbt-019s04r03), B. first group of four pulses of A in higher resolution (and photo of holotype staged at day), C. linear spectrogram, D. zero-crossing analysis of one pulse, E. field recording together with two other katydid species, the arrow points at first pulse of the M. musicum sequence (13°C, cbt019x01r01, 14 August 1998), F. spectrogram taken from this recording with the distinctive peak of the new species, G. spectrogram of an unknown katydid species, showing the M. musicum peak too, H. spectrogram of an undescribed species of Aemasia (also Platyphyllini, song known from collected males, Braun 2002: Figs. 6.2.4, 6.3.3), based on the second call right after the end of the M. musicum sequence.

opennotspecifiedNov 2021View details →

FIGURE 2 in Mikrischyrum musicum, a new katydid species from montane rainforest in southern Ecuador with complex pure-tone calling song (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae: Platyphyllini)

FIGURE 2. Mikrischyrum musicum: A. male habitus, B. male subgenital plate in ventral view, C. male left cercus in dorsal view, D. male pronotum in dorsal view, E. ovipositor of female (pencil drawings done in October 2003, after holotype and a paratype).

opennotspecifiedNov 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Mikrischyrum musicum, a new katydid species from montane rainforest in southern Ecuador with complex pure-tone calling song (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae: Platyphyllini)

FIGURE 1. Mikrischyrum musicum: A. male holotype in dorsal view, B. same in lateral view, C. female paratype to same scale as B (specimen cbt019s01).

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Processes underlying complex patterns of song trait evolution in a Setophaga hybrid zone

During secondary contact between two species when hybrids are less fit than parents, mating signals are expected to diverge while aggressive signals are expected to converge. If a single signal trait is used in both mating and aggression, then the dynamics between these two forces could influence the evolutionary trajectory of that trait. We studied such a situation in an avian hybrid zone between two Setophaga species, where birdsong is used in both mate attraction and territory defense. We hypothesized that song modules of the two species will show separate and distinct geographic patterns due to the influence of selective pressures for effective territorial aggression and for effective mate attraction. We conducted geographic cline analyses and playback experiments across this hybrid zone. We found an unexpected geographical pattern of asymmetric introgression of song rhythm, which may be explained by results of the playback experiments that suggest that differences in song rhythm serve a greater role in mate attraction than in territory defense. In contrast, differences in syllable morphology show little evidence of importance in mate attraction or territorial defense. Song features converge in the hybrid zone, yet patterns of trait change suggest that the song production modules may vary in their modes of development and inheritance. Syringeal motor gesturing, which gives rise to syllable morphology, shows a non-clinal mosaic pattern, suggesting that this trait may be predominantly learned. In contrast, respiratory patterning, which forms song rhythm, shows a clinal geographic transition, suggesting that this trait could be more innate. The results indicate that opposing forces act independently on song via distinct modules of the song production mechanism, driving complex patterns of song trait evolution.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

FIGURE 4 in An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae)

FIGURE 4. Male genetalia of Vescelia spp. A: V. pieli monotonia (from Wuyishan, Fujian); B: V. pieli pieli (from Changjian, Hainan); C: V. dulcis (from Wuzhishan, Hainan). 1: dorsal view; 2: ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae)

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Vescelia spp. from China based on COI gene. This tree was constructed with Maximum likelihood (ML) with GTR+G+I model and rooted by Neophaloria dianxiensis as the outgroups. Bootstrap values and posterior probabilities are indicated above each branch.

FIGURE 5 in An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae)

FIGURE 5. Calling songs of Vescelia spp. A: V. pieli monotonia (from Wuyishan, Fujian); B: V. pieli pieli (from Changjian, Hainan); C: V. dulcis (from Wuzhishan, Hainan). scale bar=0.2s.

FIGURE 3 in An integrative taxonomy of Vescelia pieli pieli species complex based on morphology, genes and songs from China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Phaloriinae)

FIGURE 3. Vescelia spp., live individuals and Holotype of V. pieli pieli. A: V. pieli monotonia (from Wuyishan, Fujian); B: V. pieli pieli (from Changjian, Hainan); C: V. dulcis (from Wuzhishan, Hainan); D: V. pieli pieli (Holotype).