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FIGURE 3 in Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?
FIGURE 3. Graphs of various skull measurements to show the relationship between skull shape for different ecotypes. The red point is Spinosaurus, yellow are other spinosaurids, green are terrestrial taxa, pale blue are semi-aquatic and dark blue, fully aquatic animals. Least squares regressions are given for the terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic datasets (the various spinosaurids were not included in these calculations), and the R2 values for these regressions are given.
FIGURE 2 in Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?
FIGURE 2. Principal Components Analysis of various measurements of the skull rescaled to skull length. Principal Component 1 (83.5% of variance) plotted against Principal Component 2 (13.7% of variance), plotted using eigenvalue scale. The red point is Spinosaurus, yellow are other spinosaurids, green are terrestrial taxa, pale blue are semi-aquatic, and dark blue, fully aquatic animals. Silhouettes are from PhyloPic.org and color-coordinated with the lines of the convex hulls for the groups of taxa they represent: the red Suchomimus (representing Spinosauridae; red Xs), the light green Allosaurus (representing non-spinosaurid Theropoda; open light green circles), and the orange Paleorhinus (representing phytosaurs: light brown pluses) are by Scott Hartman; blue Peloneustes (representing Plesiosauria: solid dark blue circles) by Nobu Tamura; dark green Varanus (representing terrestrial lepidosaurs: green asterisks) and dark brown Crocodylus (representing Crocodyliformes: dark brown pluses) by Steven Traver. Additional taxa plot include thallatosuchians (solid light blue circles), the mosasauroid Plotosaurus (blue asterisk), the nothosauroid Lariosaurus (solid aqua circle), and freshwater semi-aquatic lepidosaurs (open orange squares). The inset shows a reptile skull and how measurements were taken for the data used here and in Figure 3.
FIGURE 1 in Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?
FIGURE 1. Skeleton in a standing posture as if dip fishing in water following the wading model, and in a swimming posture (based on Ibrahim et al., 2020a) following the pursuit predator model. A non-exhaustive set of lines of evidence as described in the text are indicated by arrows that either directly support either model (white arrow), are ambiguous or do not contradict the model (grey arrow), or actively contradict the model (black arrow). Key traits are as follows: A) laterally compressed skull, B) nares position, C) mechanical jaw performance, D) orbit position, E) neck stiffness and posture, F) non-hydrodynamic shape, G) instability in water, H) sub-anguilliform locomotion, I) thin caudal neural spines, J) tail propulsion, K) distal tail flexibility, L) low swimming efficiency, M) somewhat reduced hind limbs, N) enlarged 1st toe, O) pachyostosis, P) pneumatic elements, Q) forelimbs not reduced, R) neck ventriflexion, S) quadrate shape, T) head posture (as determined for Irritator), U) isotopic data from teeth, V) tooth enamel ridges, W) rostral sensory system. Skeleton modified from the original by Genya Masukawa (used with permission) and scaled to the size of the neotype. Scale bar is 1 m.
FIGURE 5 in Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?
FIGURE 5. Comparison of skull shape of Spinosaurus and Baryonyx scaled to the same size. The two are very similar, which although this may be expected from their shared evolutionary history would suggest that they fundamentally forage in similar ways for similar prey, which contradicts the idea that one is an aquatic specialist. Not to scale.
FIGURE 7. A in Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?
FIGURE 7. A) Skull of a stork (Leptoptilos - scale bar is 100 mm) with a posteriorly retracted naris allowing them to forage while keeping the nares free of the water as in B) showing Ephipporhynchus senegalensis feeding. Although proportionally much further back here than in Spinosaurus, the absolute distance of the naris from the anterior tip of the jaw is less in the stork. C) Skull of crocodylian (Crocodylus - scale bar is 100 mm) with dorsally positioned naris allowing them to rest with minimal exposure of the head as in D) Crocodylus niloticus resting at the surface (image courtesy of Jonathan J. Meisenbach).
Fig. 2 in The abundance of specialist and generalist lepidopteran larvae on a single host plant species: Does spatial scale matter?
Fig. 2. Specialist lepidopteran species on Roupala montana. (A–C) Chlamydastis platyspora: (A) larva, (B) larva inside the shelter, (C) adult; (E–G) Stenoma cathosiota: (E) larva, (F) shelter, (G) adult; (H–J) species of new genus of Depressariidae: (H) larva,(I) shelter, (J) adult; (K–M) Idalus lineosus: (K–L) 6th instar showing variation in color, (M) adult; (N–O) Symmachia hippodice: (N) larva, (O) adult female, (P) adult male; (Q–S) Eomichla sp.: (Q–R) larva inside the shelter, (S) adult.
Fig. 1 in The abundance of specialist and generalist lepidopteran larvae on a single host plant species: Does spatial scale matter?
Fig. 1. Locations of the 5 study areas, as follows: A) a map of Brazil, with the coverage area of the Cerrado Biome shaded; B) a map of Goiás State, showing the locations of Parque Estadual dos Pireneus (PEP) and Parque Nacional Chapada dos Veadeiros (PNCV); and C) a map of Distrito Federal (DF), showing the locations of Fazenda Água Limpa (FAL), Parque Nacional de Brasília (PNB), and Jardim Botânico de Brasília (JBB).
Fig. 3 in Response of two chemotypes of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) saplings to colonization by specialist herbivores
Fig. 3. Total mean (± SE) leaf biomass shed via abscission by Melaleuca quinquenervia saplings subjected to unrestricted or restricted herbivory by Oxyops vitiosa and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae. **: P = 0.01.
Fig. 1 in Response of two chemotypes of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) saplings to colonization by specialist herbivores
Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) dry weight biomass of leaves shed via abscission by saplings of 2 Melaleuca quinquenervia chemotypes subjected to 2 levels of herbivory by Oxyops vitiosa and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae.
The Meadow Viper's perspective on the diet and predator-prey interactions of the reptile specialist Smooth Snake
<p>Despite its wide distribution, ecological data on the Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) remains limited. Previous dietary analyses report that it mainly consumes lizards, but it also eats mammals and snakes. Little information is available on the habitat choice of the species, but vegetation structure and microtopography are considered the main factors determining occupancy of these snakes. As there is limited data on the diet of this species from Central Europe and it was considered a potential predator of the endangered Vipera ursinii rakosiensis (Hungarian Meadow Viper), we conducted a study concerning the diet of C. austriaca in one of the largest habitats of V. ursinii in Hungary. As there is no data on the occupancy of C. austriaca, we tested if the availability of certain prey species affects its occupancy C. austriaca individuals were captured to collect faecal samples, in which the remains were identified. In the obtained samples (n=53) we found remains of lizards (65%), mammals (20%), insects (12.5%) and Smooth Snake (2.5%). The consumed lizard species were Lacerta viridis, Podarcis tauricus and Lacerta agilis. We found no remains of V. ursinii in the faecal samples. We used dynamic two-species occupancy modeling to test if the occupancy of C. austriaca is linked to the presence of its prey species in the area. We found an interaction between C. austriaca and its lizard prey, as occupancy of C. austriaca had a higher probability when these species were present. We found no interaction between C. austriaca and V. ursinii. Our results support that C. austriaca mainly preys on lizards and its site occupancy depends on prey availability. Importantly, we found no evidence that C. austriaca consumes V. ursinii, which is further supported by the lack of interaction between the occupancy of C. austriaca and that of V. ursinii.</p>
Fig. 2 in Floral biology of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): a progression from a generalist to a specialist pollination system
Fig. 2. — Principal flower types in Romulea and their pollinators: A, flower of R. tortuosa with a visiting honey bee, Apis mellifera; B, R. monadelpha with the hopliine beetle Clania glenlyonensis; C, plant and flowers of R. hantamensis with the long proboscid fly Prosoeca sp. 1.
Fig. 1 in Floral biology of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): a progression from a generalist to a specialist pollination system
Fig. 1. — Vegetative and floral morphology of Romulea: A, R. lilacina, acaulescent habit with bell-shaped flower, detail of stamens with style branches emerging from between the anthers and papillate-hairy filaments; B, R. discifera, caulescent habit with bell-shaped flowers, the stamens enclosed in the floral cup and detail of stamens showing papillate-hairy filaments; C, R. alba, subacaulescent habit and tubular flowers with patent tepals and stamens fully exserted from the tube.
Figure 1 in Specialist and generalist species in habitat use: implications for conservation assessment in snakes
Figure 1. Relationship between the diversity scores in habitat use and the number of citations (log transformed) for each snake species in the study area. Each point is one snake species: Ca, Coronella austriaca, Cg, Coronella girondica, Hh, Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Mb, Macroprotodon brevis, Mm, Malpolon monspessulanus, Nn, Natrix natrix, Rh, Rhinechis scalaris, Vl, Vipera latastei.
Figure 2 in Specialist and generalist species in habitat use: implications for conservation assessment in snakes
Figure 2. Principal components plot for different snake species. The percentage of the variance explained by the two main factors is indicated on the axes. Three separate groups of species are indicated. Ca, Coronella austriaca, Cg, Coronella girondica, Hh, Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Mb, Macroprotodon brevis, Mm, Malpolon monspessulanus, Nn, Natrix natrix, Rs, Rhinechis scalaris, Vl, Vipera latastei.
Figs 30–33 in A new genus and species of grass specialist short-winged leafhopper from Chile and Argentina (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Faltalini)
Figs 30–33. Ackbaria vermiformis sp. nov., SEM micrographs. 30 – male genital capsule, lateral view; 31 – same, ventral view; 32 – same, ventrolateral view; 33 – face, ventrolateral view.
Figs 24–25 in A new genus and species of grass specialist short-winged leafhopper from Chile and Argentina (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Faltalini)
Figs 24–25. Ackbaria vermiformis sp. nov., SEM micrographs. 24 – profemur and protrochanter, anteroventral view; 25 – metatarsomere I, ventrolateral view.
Figs 26–29 in A new genus and species of grass specialist short-winged leafhopper from Chile and Argentina (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Faltalini)
Figs 26–29. Ackbaria vermiformis sp. nov., SEM micrographs. 26 – face and anterior legs, ventral view; 27 – detail of face, outlined in 27; 28 – frontoclypeus, anterolateral view; 29 – face, anterior margin of head, and ocellus, anteroventral view.
Figs 1–12 in A new genus and species of grass specialist short-winged leafhopper from Chile and Argentina (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Faltalini)
Figs 1–12. Ackbaria vermiformis sp. nov. 1 – female, dorsal view; 2 – male, dorsal view; 3 – female, lateral view; 4 – face; 5 – connective and style, ventral view; 6 – male pygofer, lateral view (Argentina, PN Lihuel Calel); 7 – same (Chile); 8 – aedeagus, lateral view (Chile); 9 – same (Argentina, PN Lihuel Calel); 10 – same, caudal view; 11 – male pygofer, dorsal view; 12 – valve and subgenital plates, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
The effects of condensed tannins on behaviour and performance of a specialist aphid on Aspen
<p>Data and Rscripts used to generate the results in Díez Rodríguez, Kloth and Albrectsen: The effects of condensed tannins on behaviour and performance of a specialist aphid on Aspen.</p>
Shifts from non-obligate generalists to obligate specialists in simulations of mutualistic network assembly
<p>Understanding ecosystem recovery after perturbation is crucial for ecosystem conservation. Mutualisms contribute key functions for plants such as pollination and seed dispersal. We modelled the assembly of mutualistic networks based on trait matching between plants and their animal partners that have different degrees of specialization on plant traits. Additionally, we addressed the role of non-obligate animal mutualists, including facultative mutualists or non-resident species that have their main resources outside the target site. Our computer simulations show that non-obligate animals facilitate network assembly during the early stages, furthering colonization by an increase in niche space and reduced competition. While non-obligate and generalist animals provide most of the fitness benefits to plants in the early stages of the assembly, obligate and specialist animals dominate at the end of the assembly. Our results thus demonstrate the combined occurrence of shifts from diet, trait, and habitat generalists to more specialised animals.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.