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Per capita sperm metabolism is density-dependent
<p>From bacteria to metazoans, higher-density populations have lower <em>per capita</em> metabolic rates than lower-density populations. This relationship between density and metabolism was actually first proposed 100 years ago and was focused on spermatozoa but contemporary studies of sperm metabolism specifically assume that sperm concentration has no effect on metabolism. We did a systematic review to estimate the relationship between sperm aerobic metabolism and sperm concentration, for 203 estimates spanning 49 species, from protostomes to humans from 89 studies. We found strong evidence that <em>per capita </em>metabolic rates are concentration-dependent: both within- and among-species, sperm have lower metabolisms in dense ejaculates but increase their metabolism when diluted. On average, a 10-fold decrease in sperm concentration increased <em>per capita</em> metabolic rate by ~60%. Metabolic plasticity in sperm may be an adaptive response but this requires further testing.</p>
Fig. 5 in Systematic revision of a Miocene sperm whale from Patagonia, Argentina, and the phylogenetic signal of tympano-periotic bones in Physeteroidea
Fig. 5. Schematic comparisons of the periotic of MLP 76-IX-5-1, "Preaulophyseter gualichensis" Caviglia and Jorge, 1980 (A) with "Aulophyseter" rionegrensis (B), Acrophyseter deinodon (C, modified from Lambert et al. 2016), Zygophyseter varolai (D, modified from Bianucci and Landini 2006), Aulophyseter morricei (E, modified from Kellogg 1927), Orycterocetus crocodilinus (F, modified from Kellogg 1965), and Physeter macrocephalus (G, modified from Kasuya 1973). In dorsal (A1–G1), ventral (A2–G2), medial (A3–G3), and lateral (A4–C4, E4–G4) views. Black areas indicate anatomical foramina. Not to scale.
Fig. 4 in Systematic revision of a Miocene sperm whale from Patagonia, Argentina, and the phylogenetic signal of tympano-periotic bones in Physeteroidea
Fig. 4. Isolated periotics of a sperm whale Physeteroidea indet. from the Miocene of Patagonia. A. MPEF-PV-605, right periotic. B. MPEF-PV-651, right periotic. C. MPEF-PV-6098, left periotic. D. MLP 80-VIII-30-133a, right periotic. E MLP 80-VIII-30-133b, left periotic. F. MLP 52-X-2-8, right periotic. In dorsal (A1–F1), ventral (A2–F2), medial (A3–F3), and lateral (A4–F4) views. G. MLP 56-IX-2-7, fragmentary periotic in dorsal (G1) and medial (G2) views.
Fig. 2 in Systematic revision of a Miocene sperm whale from Patagonia, Argentina, and the phylogenetic signal of tympano-periotic bones in Physeteroidea
Fig. 2. Teeth of a sperm whale Physeteroidea indet. previously described as "Preaulophyseter gualichensis" Caviglia and Jorge, 1980, MLP 76-IX5-1, from the Miocene of Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation, Patagonia, Argentina; in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views, and detailed view of the crown (A3) and enamel (A4). I and II refer to the two fragmentary teeth of the MLP 76-IX-5-1 (the best and worst preserved tooth, respectively).
Fig. 3. Sperm whale Physeteroidea indet. A in Systematic revision of a Miocene sperm whale from Patagonia, Argentina, and the phylogenetic signal of tympano-periotic bones in Physeteroidea
Fig. 3. Sperm whale Physeteroidea indet. A. Left periotic of nomen dubium "Preaulophyseter gualichensis" Caviglia and Jorge, 1980, MLP 76-IX-5-1, from the Miocene of Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation, Patagonia, Argentina, in dorsal (A1, A2), ventral (A3, A4), medial (A5, A6), and lateral (A7, A8) views. B, C. Two isolated right periotics from the Miocene of Patagonia, MLP 76-IX-2-3 (B) and MLP 76-IX-2-4 (C), in dorsal (B1, C1), ventral (B2, C2), medial (B3, C3), and lateral (B4, C4) views. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A7, B, C) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, A6, A8). Abbreviations: abf, anterior bullar facet; aca, aperture for cochlear aqueduct; ai, anterior incisure; ao, accessory ossicle; ava, aperture for the vestibular aqueduct; eh, epitympanic hiatus; fasu, facial sulcus; fo, fenestra ovalis; fosi, foramen singulare; fr, fenestra rotunda; iam, internal acoustic meatus; lt, lateral tuberosity; mf, mallear fossa; pbf, posterior bulla facet; pofc, proximal opening of facial canal (VII); sct, spiral cribiform tract (VIII).
Fig. 1 in Systematic revision of a Miocene sperm whale from Patagonia, Argentina, and the phylogenetic signal of tympano-periotic bones in Physeteroidea
Fig. 1. Geographic location of studied area in Patagonia, southern Argentina (A) and location of the marine Miocene outcrops (B, stars) where the specimens included in this study were collected: Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation (1) and Gaiman Formation (2).
DNA methylation in sperm of rats at two ages exposed or not to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>This study was designed to determine the potential of environmentally relevant levels of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) to induce age-dependent changes in a rat’s sperm epigenome. The methods used to generate the files are described below.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Experimental design</strong></p> <p>Twelve seven-week-old pregnant Wistar rats were divided into two groups (6 per group) – control and BDE-47 exposed group. Between pregnancy day 8 and postnatal day 21 (PND21), dams in each group were fed from the tip of pipette 0.2 µL/g body weight of the vehicle (tocopherol-stripped corn oil) or the same volume of a 1 mg/mL solution of BDE-47 daily. The BDE-47 group resulted in an exposure level of 0.2 mg/kg body weight of BDE-47 per day. On PND65 and PND120, one male pup randomly selected from each litter was euthanized, and epididymal motile spermatozoa were collected via the swim-up procedure as described in detail elsewhere (Suvorov et al., 2018). Sperm DNA was extracted using the rapid method (Wu et al., 2015). Extracted sperm DNA was subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing</strong></p> <p>For RRBS, bisulfite-converted libraries were prepared from 100 ng of the sperm DNA using Ovation RRBS Methyl-Seq System and EpiTect Fast DNA Bisulfite Kit (Cat. #59824, Qiagen) following manufacturers’ protocols. Sequencing of libraries was done using the HiSeq 2500 sequencing system (Illumina) in Deep Sequencing Core Facility of the University of Massachusetts Medical School (Schrewsbury, MA) with an average of 18.0 million unique reads per sample.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Bioinformatic analysis</strong></p> <p>Raw reads from the sequence were processed following the recommended protocol for libraries prepared with Ovation RRBS Methyl-Seq System (NuGEN) and then mapped to the rn6 Rattus norvegicus reference genome using Bismark (version 0.16.1) and bowtie-2 (version 2.2.9). PCR duplicates were removed using nudup.py (version 2.2). The resulting SAM files for the control and BDE-47 group for the two ages, PND65 and 120 are uploaded. </p> <p> </p>
Figure 2. Macrobrachium tenellum adult male who underwent a second spermatophore extraction using the electrostimulation technique. A in Sperm viability in wild-caught males of Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) fed with different diets
Figure 2. Macrobrachium tenellum adult male who underwent a second spermatophore extraction using the electrostimulation technique. A= The dark brown, melanized spermatophore is different from that observed in healthy males.
Figure 1 in Sperm viability in wild-caught males of Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) fed with different diets
Figure 1. Relationship between (A) body weight and spermatophore weight, (B) sperm cell number and spermatophore weight, (C) spermatophore weight and body length, (D) sperm cell number and body weight, and (E) sperm cell number and body length of wild Macrobrachium tenellum, analyzed after collection.
FIGURE 7 in Bundles of Sperm: Structural Diversity in Scorpion Sperm Packages Illuminates Evolution of Insemination in an Ancient Lineage
FIGURE 7. Boxplot of Tukey HSD test illustrating three major length types (a–c) of single folded sperm packages in Scorpiones. Representatives of the three groups in boldface (see text).
Fig. 3. A in Sperm ultrastructure in three different families of weakly electric fishes (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)
Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm.
Fig. 2. A in Sperm ultrastructure in three different families of weakly electric fishes (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)
Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G. aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm.
Sperm quality parameters and sex steroid concentrations in male and female meagre (Argyrosomus regius) held under constant or cycling temperatures
<p>The dataset contains excel files with sperm quality parameters measured with Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA), plasma sex steroids (testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, estradiol and 17a,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one) measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), oocyte diameters and egg fecundity and % fertilisation data in the meagre <em>Argyrosomus regius</em> held under either attenuated seasonal water temperature (16.4 to 19.6ºC) or relatively constant water temperature (19.4 ± 0.6ºC).</p>
Social polyandry shapes sperm morphology
<p>Sexual selection is a major driver of trait variation, and the intensity of male competition for mating opportunities has been linked with sperm size across diverse taxa. Mating competition among females may also shape the evolution of sperm traits, but the interplay between female-female competition and male-male competition on sperm morphology is not well understood. We evaluated variation in sperm morphology in two species with socially polyandrous mating systems, in which females compete to mate with multiple males. Northern jacanas (<em>Jacana spinosa</em>) and wattled jacanas (<em>J. jacana</em>) vary in their degree of polyandry and sexual dimorphism, suggesting species differences in the intensity of sexual selection. We compared mean and variance in sperm head, midpiece, and tail length between species and breeding stages, because these measures have been associated with the intensity of sperm competition. We found that the species with greater polyandry, northern jacana, has sperm with longer midpieces and tails, as well as marginally lower intra-ejaculate variation in tail length. Intra-ejaculate variation was also significantly lower in copulating males than in incubating males, suggesting flexibility in sperm production as males cycle between breeding stages. Our results indicate that stronger female-female competition for mating opportunities may also shape more intense male-male competition by selecting for longer and less variable sperm traits. These findings extend frameworks developed in socially monogamous species to reveal that sperm competition may be an important evolutionary force layered atop female-female competition for mates.</p>
Personality, sperm traits and a test for their combined dependence on male condition in guppies
<p>There is evidence that animal personality traits can have spill-over effects for sexual selection, with studies reporting that male behavioural types are associated with success during pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection. Given these links between personality and sexual traits, and the evidence that their expression can depend on an individual's nutritional status (i.e. condition), a novel prediction is that changes in a male's diet should alter both the average expression of personality and sexual traits, and their covariance. We tested these predictions using the guppy Poecilia reticulata, a species previously shown to exhibit strong condition dependence in ejaculate traits and a positive correlation between sperm production and individual variation in boldness. Contrary to expectation, we found that dietary restriction – when administered in mature adult males – did not affect the expression of either behavioural (boldness and activity) or ejaculate traits, although we did find that males subjected to dietary stress exhibited a positive association between sperm velocity and boldness that was not apparent in the unrestricted diet group. This latter finding points to possible context-dependent patterns of covariance between sexually selected and personality traits, which may have implications for patterns of selection and evolutionary processes under fluctuating environmental conditions.</p>
Dataset for study from Duneau et al on Daphnia sperm evolution
<p>Dataset on sperm size of several Daphnia species. Belong to the study on sperm evolution of Daphnia by Duneau, Möst and Ebert.</p>
Рис. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (самка): А — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа; Б — поΛовая система; В — переΔний конец теΛа; Г — хвост; À — фрагмент кутикуΛы с боковым поΛем бп — боковое поΛе, да — ΔробиΛьный аппарат, в — вуΛьва, зм — заΔняя матка, кб — карΔиаΛьный буΛьбус, кск — кΛетки среΔней кишки, нк — нервное коΛьцо, пм — переΔняя матка, р — ректум, рт — ренетта, с — сперма, ск — среΔняя кишка, сп — семяприемник, ф — фазмиΔы, хс — хейΛостома, эп — экскреторная пора, я — яичник Fig. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (female): A — trophic-sensory part of the body; B — the reproductive system; C — the front end of the body; G — the tail; D — fragment of the cuticle with a side field бп — side field, да — crushing apparatus, в — vulva, зм — posterior uterus, кб — cardial bulb, кск — cells of the mid-intestine, нк — nerve ring, пм — anterior uterus, р — rectum, рт — renetta с — sperm, ск — mid-intestin, сп — seminal receptacle, ф — phasmids, хс — cheilostoma, эп — excretory pore, я — ovary in A New Species Sp. Nov. (Nematoda, Cephalobidae) From Primorsky Region (Russia)
Рис. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (самка): А — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа; Б — поΛовая система; В — переΔний конец теΛа; Г — хвост; À — фрагмент кутикуΛы с боковым поΛем бп — боковое поΛе, да — ΔробиΛьный аппарат, в — вуΛьва, зм — заΔняя матка, кб — карΔиаΛьный буΛьбус, кск — кΛетки среΔней кишки, нк — нервное коΛьцо, пм — переΔняя матка, р — ректум, рт — ренетта, с — сперма, ск — среΔняя кишка, сп — семяприемник, ф — фазмиΔы, хс — хейΛостома, эп — экскреторная пора, я — яичник Fig. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (female): A — trophic-sensory part of the body; B — the reproductive system; C — the front end of the body; G — the tail; D — fragment of the cuticle with a side field бп — side field, да — crushing apparatus, в — vulva, зм — posterior uterus, кб — cardial bulb, кск — cells of the mid-intestine, нк — nerve ring, пм — anterior uterus, р — rectum, рт — renetta с — sperm, ск — mid-intestin, сп — seminal receptacle, ф — phasmids, хс — cheilostoma, эп — excretory pore, я — ovary
Sperm competition favours intermediate sperm size in a hermaphrodite
<div> <p>Sperm competition is a potent mechanism of post-copulatory sexual selection that has been found to shape reproductive morphologies and behaviours in promiscuous animals. Especially sperm size has been argued to evolve in response to sperm competition through its effect on sperm longevity, sperm motility, the ability to displace competing sperm and ultimately fertilization success. Additionally, sperm size has been observed to co-evolve with female reproductive morphology. Theoretical work predicts that sperm competition may select for longer sperm but may also favour shorter sperm if sperm size trades off with number. In this study, we studied the relationship between sperm size and post-mating success in the free-living flatworm, <em>Macrostomum lignano</em>. Specifically, we used inbred isolines of <em>M. lignano </em>that varied in sperm size to investigate how sperm size translated into the ability of worms to transfer and deposit sperm in a mating partner. Our results revealed a hump-shaped relationship with individuals producing sperm of intermediate size having highest sperm competitiveness. This finding broadens our understanding of the evolution of sperm morphology by providing empirical support for stabilizing selection on sperm size under sperm competition.</p> </div>
Fig. 2. A in Carcharocles-bitten sperm whale tooth from the Neogene of the Coastal Eastern United States
Fig. 2. A possible origin of the Otodus tooth bite traces on the root of the Neogene sperm whale tooth CMM-V-8955. An Otodus sp. (foreground) is biting the rostrum of a sperm whale (background). That the bite traces occur on the tooth of the sperm whale hints at a live antagonistic interaction between these two macropredators.
Fig. 1 in Carcharocles-bitten sperm whale tooth from the Neogene of the Coastal Eastern United States
Fig. 1. Otodus-bitten sperm whale tooth (CMM-V-8955) from the Neogene of the Aurora Phosphate Mine, North Carolina, USA; in lingual (A1) and anteromedial (A2) views, showing all three bite traces, as indicated by the numbers 1–3; A3, enlarged view of the two primary bite traces, one of which shows the serration marks left as the shark tooth cut into the sperm whale tooth. The specimen was whitened with sublimed ammonium chloride to enhance contrast.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.